Instructional Pacing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instructional Pacing - Essay Example In the scenario provided for this assignment, the matter is further complicated by the addition of ELL students - those who are from other countries and who do not speak English as their native language. Such students often suffer from slow processing. Many educators often mistaken believe that slow instructional pacing better suites such students. However, ELL and other students with learning disabilities are capable of performing at a normal pace providing certain elements are included in pacing decisions. "It has been shown that for most students with learningproblems, relatively fast-paced instruction is most useful (assuming they are familiar with the instructional routine" (Ylvisaker, 2006, p. 1). If the pace is too slow, students will lose interest and their attention will wander, making it even more difficult for ELL students. Students need to be actively engaged in the learning process so consideration should be given to making the lesson varied and engaging. It will also be easier to avoid loss of interest and wandering attention if the class operated on a routine that all students are familiar with. Ylvisaker (2006) likens this to a video game. When the game is new, it proceeds so fast that it is hard to keep up with it much less make progress. However, as the player becomes better acquainted with the routine of the game, progress can be made and the game eventually won. The same holds true in the classroom which is why educators put such effort into designing policies and procedures for their classrooms. The need to fit in a variety of learning trials is intricately linked to routine as well. Instructional pacing will also vary depending on the kind of material being presented. New material should be presented at a relatively slow pace. Once the material is taken in, pacing should be regulated according to student response to learning trials. By carefully attending to student performance, educators can determine when a slow review is needed, when students need to engage in guided practice, and/or when the students are ready for individual practice. Educators can tailor the learning trials so that the pace progresses from slow to the fastest pace allowed and ultimately the final assessment for that learning objective. It is here - student response - that teachers of ELL students must pay careful attention. Student response is often determined by behavior in the classroom. Zehler (1994) points out that "[d]ifferences in language and culture are often subtle but affect students' classroom participation in several ways" (p. 2). Educators often gauge student interest and attention from eye contact and asking of questions. However, some cultures such as the Japanese consider eye contact with elders to be disrespectful. Other cultures consider it disrespectful to ask questions of an elder. Plus an often misunderstood need for ELL students it the need for silence. These students often need to focus on listening rather than speaking and their silence can be misunderstood for inattention or disinterest (Zehler, 1994). Once students understand the routine, material, and instructions well enough to attempt work, "errors can actually have a positive meaning" (Zehler, 1994, p. 4). The willingness of

Understanding Your Students Learning Style Essay Example for Free

Understanding Your Students Learning Style Essay All children have unique learning styles. Students gain strong benefits when their teachers and Learning Coaches recognize their strengths and weaknesses as learners. Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor of neuroscience at Harvard, developed one theory in 1983. Gardner defines â€Å"intelligence† not as an IQ but, rather, as the skills that enable anyone to gain new knowledge and solve problems. Gardner proposed that there are several different types of intelligences, or learning styles. 1.Verbal-Linguistic (Word Smart) – People who possess this learning style learn best through reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Verbal students absorb information by engaging with reading materials and by discussing and debating ideas. 2.Logical-Mathematical (Logic Smart) – Those who exhibit this type of intelligence learn by classifying, categorizing, and thinking abstractly about patterns, relationships, and numbers. 3.Visual-Spatial (Picture Smart) – These people learn best by drawing or visualizing things using the mind’s eye. Visual people learn the most from pictures, diagrams, and other visual aids. 4.Auditory-Musical (Music Smart) – Students who are music smart learn using rhythm or melody, especially by singing or listening to music. 5.Bodily-Kinesthetic (Body Smart) – Body-smart individuals learn best through touch and movement. These people are best at processing information through the body. Sometimes kinesthetic learners work best standing up and moving rather than sitting still. 6.Interpersonal (People Smart) – Those who are people smart learn through relating to others by sharing, comparing, and cooperating. Interpersonal learners can make excellent group leaders and team players. 7.Intrapersonal (Self Smart) – Intrapersonal-intelligent people learn best by working alone and setting individual goals. Intrapersonal learners are not necessarily shy; they are independent and organized. 8.Naturalistic (Nature Smart) – Naturalistics learn by working with nature. Naturalistic students enjoy learning about living things and natural events. They may excel in the sciences and be very passionate about environmental issues. Combinations of the different types of intelligence abound. A hiker  fascinated by birdsongs might have strong auditory-musical and naturalistic intelligences, supplemented by bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. The neighbor skilled in solving puzzles and discerning patterns may combine logical-mathematical intelligence with visual-spatial intelligence.

Urinary Excretion and Paracetamol

Urinary Excretion and Paracetamol Investigateurinary excretion of paracetamol in man. Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in the USA, is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs available over-the-counter. Its common name derives from the full chemical name: para-acetyl-amino-phenol, with the chemical formula C8H9NO2 and amolecular weight of 151.17. Paracetamol does not have anysignificant anti-inflammatory action and therefore cannot be accuratelydescribed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as was oncethought. Its mechanism of action is still poorly understood but some studieshave suggested that it inhibits a variant of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme COX-1, which has been designated COX-3 (Swierkosz et al. 2002). Paracetamol actsmainly in the central nervous system and endothelial cells, rather than inplatelets and immune cells. Boutaud and colleagues (2002) hypothesised thatthis may be explained by the high levels of peroxides found in the latter cell types, which inhibit the action of paracetamol. There has been some debate on thesubject, with other researchers proposing an inhibitory action against COX-2(Graham Scott 2005). Further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanism of action at the molecular level. Metabolism and excretion Following oral administration and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, paracetamol enters the blood and is distributed throughout the body. It is metabolised by enzymes in the hepatocytes of the liver and the majority is converted to inactive metabolites by conjugation with sulphate or glucuronide. This is then filtered out of theblood by the kidneys and into the urine, via active renal tubular secretion. Asmall portion of paracetamol remains unaltered and passes into the urine viaglomerular filtration and passive absorption (Morris Levy 1984). Thereis also a small proportion of the paracetamol that is metabolised by the thecytochrome P450 system, which results in the formation of cysteine or glutathioneconjugates and mercapturic acid conjugates (figure 2). These products ofoxidative metabolism are also excreted renally (Andrews et al. 1976). Paracetamol has a low therapeuticindex, so the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose. Toxicity canoccur following a single large dose (>10g) or with chronic lower doses(4-5g/d) and is usually seen as hepatotoxicity, which can result in deathwithin several days (Wikipedia). Toxicity occurs when the enzymesresponsible for catalysing sulphate and glucuronide conjugation becomesaturated, forcing metabolism to be increasingly dependent upon the cytochromeP450 system. This results in formation of a toxic metabolite,N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone imine (NAPQI), which is normally mopped up by bindingto the sulphydryl group of glutathione to form inactive conjugates andmercapturic acid. Toxicity occurs when the glutathione supply becomes exhaustedand NAPQI binds indiscriminately to molecules within the cell, such asmembranes, to cause cell damage and death, seen as acute hepatic necrosis. 1)Major pathway for normal metabolism 2)Minor pathway via cytochrome P450 system produces toxic metabolite (NAPQI),shown in red. Normally this is detoxified by binding to glutathione. 3) Toxicity occurs when pathways 1 and 2 are overloadedand NAPQI binds to molecules of the cell, causing damage. Modifiedfrom Rang et al. 1995. Aim of experiment The aim of this experiment is toinvestigate the renal excretion of paracetamol, by measuring the levels ofparacetamol metabolites in human urine over 6 hours following an oral dose of500mg. The total excretion will be assessed using the spectrophotometricmethod. From this data the elimination rate constant (KE) and thehalf-life (T1/2) will be calculated. Qualitative analysis of thevarious metabolites will be conducted using appropriate chemical identificationtechniques. METHOD A standard stock solution ofparacetamol was prepared at 1mg/cm3 and dilutions were made to givea range of known concentrations. 1 cm3 of the paracetamol solutionwas added to 1 cm3 blank urine and 4 cm3 4M HCl, andmixed thoroughly. A blank duplicate was also prepared, using water instead ofurine. After an hour in a boiling water bath the tubes were cooled and wateradded, up to 10 cm3. 1 cm3 of this hydrolysed urinesolution was added to 10 cm3  of colour forming solution, mixed and allowed to stand for40 minutes. The absorbance of each solution was measured, using thespectrophotometer, zeroing the instrument using the drug free urine sample inbetween solutions. This produced the readings for the calibration curve. Thecollected timed urine samples were then processed in the same way, adding 1 cm3water instead of paracetamol solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Known concentrations of paracetamolunderwent spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 620nm. These resultswere used to produce a calibration curve (figure 3). The timed urine sampleswere then analysed following the same protocol and the absorbance at 620nm wasused, in conjunction with the calibration curve to ascertain the concentrationof paracetamol in the urine. Unfortunately, half of the samples producedabsorbances outside the range of the calibration curve. Because this curve isnon-linear, extrapolation and dilution cannot be used to accurately deduce theconcentration of paracetamol in the urine. For the purposes of this report theconcentration for these samples has been declared as greater than 800ug/cm3.This is not very satisfactory and further experiments must be done to extendthe range of the calibration curve to the maximum absorbancy of the timedsamples. The values of KE and T1/2 have been calculatedto demonstrate the procedure, but are inaccurate and will need revisi ng onceaccurate concentrations have been established form the calibration curve. Table 1: Timed urine sample Mean absorbance 620nm Conc. ug/cm3 Vol. Urine (ml) Total drug (ug of paracetamol) Excretion rate mg/h 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 hour 0.256 192 245 47040 47 2 hours 1.918 >800 50 40000 40 3 hours 1.769 >800 38 30400 30.4 4 hours 1.028 >800 55 44000 44 5 hours 0.349 246 135 33210 33.2 6 hours 0.255 192 160 30720 30.7 Table 1 contains the absorbanceresults of the timed urine samples and the deduced concentration of paracetamolin the urine, as well as the hourly excretion rate. The total amount ofparacetamol excreted over the 6 hour period was 225.3mg, which is 45% of theorally administered dose. Due to problems discussed above, this is anunderestimate of the true percentage of dose excreted renally, which has beenfound to be 55-70% by other studies (Steventon et al. 1996). When log of the excretion rate(equivalent to total drug excreted per hour) is plotted against time, a linearplot should be achieved, from which KE can be estimated. The slope of this straight lineequates to : KE /2.303, which gives a value for KE of0.094. Using the formula: T1/2 =0.692/ KE , the valueof T1/2 = 7.36 hours. This states that it takes the body7.36 hours to excrete half of the drug administered. This is longer than the1-4 hours usually quoted for paracetamol (Rang et al. 1995), and is notsurprising given the underestimation of the paracetamol urine concentration.With proper calibration, this would be expected to decrease to nearer thepreviously found results. There were no results for thequalitative studies for metabolite composition, but it would be expected thatsulphate and glucuronide conjugates would constitute the majority of the sample,with a smaller quantity of unchanged paracetamol, cysteine/glutathione andmercapturic acid metabolites. These results only represent oneindividual on one day and replications of this experiment are crucial.Nutritional status, recent alcohol consumption, ethnic background, concurrentdrug usage and illness must all be taken into account as factors that mayaffect paracetamol metabolism and excretion (Riordan Williams 2002, Patel Tang 1992). Further analysis of paracetamolexcretion .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatotoxicity and drug interactions Table 2 shows how concurrent use of phenobarbital, ananti-epileptic drug, can increase the severity of liver damage caused byparacetamol administration and its subsequent metabolism. Table 2: Effect of Phenobarbital onparacetamol induced hepatotoxicity TreatmentDose of Paracetamol (mg/kg) Severity of liver necrosis None 375 1-2+ Phenobarbital 375 2-4+_________ This occurs due to metabolism ofphenobarbital by enzymes of the P450 cytochrome system, which results inupregulation of their production. As explained in the introduction (see fig.2), P450 enzymes also metabolise paracetamol, to form the toxic metaboliteNAPQI. This is normally a minor pathway but as the amount of P450 enzymesavailable increases, the activity of this pathway also increases. This resultsin a larger than normal amount of NAPQI, which is mopped up and inactivated byglutathione. Glutathione supplies will eventually run out, which occurs soonerif the person is malnourished. When this happens the toxic metabolite binds tocell components, causing necrosis. To prevent this occurring, such as in casesof overdose, N-acetylcysteine can be given (Routledge et al. 1998), which isrequired for glutathione synthesis and helps to boost it. This allows agreater amount of the toxic metabolite to be mopped up and reduces cell damage. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paracetamol metabolism following hepatotoxicity Table 3: Plasmaparacetamol concentrations(ug/cm3) Patients Plasma paracetamol 4 hrs after 12hrsafter Half life (h) ingestion ingestion _______________________________________________________________ noliver damage (18) 2.9 +/= 0.3 163 +/=20 29.5 +/=6 liverdamage (23) 7.2+/= 0.7 296 +/= 26 124 +/=22___ Table 3 shows that, in a study, theability of patients with liver damage to eliminate paracetamol from the bloodis much decreased, compared to healthy people. This is seen by the prolongedhalf-life and the high levels of paracetamol in the plasma. The plasma leveldoes come down by 12 hrs, which indicates that there is enough functional liverreserve to metabolise some of the drug, but the level is still very high. Toascertain whether it is just conjugation that is affected, or whether all thepathways are affected equally it would be necessary to quantify the levels ofdifferent metabolites in the blood and urine. As conjugation is responsiblefor the majority of metabolism, damage to all systems will still show up asaffecting conjugation the most. In theory reduced clearance of asubstance is useful for monitoring the severity of liver damage, but in thecase of paracetamol it would be unwise as it could potentiate the hepatotoxiceffects and worsen the liver condition. It is also unnecessary as there arealready a number of reliable blood tests for liver function and damage. REFERENCES Andrews, R. S., Bond, C. C., Burnett, J., Saunders, A. Watson, K. 1976 Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites. J Int Med Res 4,34-9. Boutaud, O., Aronoff, D. M., Richardson, J. H., Marnett, L. J. Oates, J. A. 2002 Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99,7130-5. Graham, G. G. Scott, K. F. 2005 Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther 12, 46-55. Morris, M. E. Levy, G. 1984 Renal clearance and serum protein binding of acetaminophen and its major conjugates in humans. J Pharm Sci 73, 1038-41. Patel, M., Tang, B. K. Kalow, W. 1992 Variability of acetaminophen metabolism in Caucasians and Orientals. Pharmacogenetics 2, 38-45. Rang, H. P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. 1995 Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone. Riordan, S. M. Williams, R. 2002 Alcohol exposure and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Addict Biol 7, 191-206. Routledge, P., Vale, J. A., Bateman, D. N., Johnston, G. D., Jones, A., Judd, A., Thomas, S., Volans, G., Prescott, L. F. Proudfoot, A. 1998 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. No need to change current guidelines to accident departments. Bmj 317, 1609-10. Steventon, G. B., Mitchell, S. C. Waring, R. H. 1996 Human metabolism of paracetamol (acetaminophen) at different dose levels. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 13, 111-7. Swierkosz, T. A., Jordan, L., McBride, M., McGough, K., Devlin, J. Botting, R. M. 2002 Actions of paracetamol on cyclooxygenases in tissue and cell homogenates of mouse and rabbit. Med Sci Monit 8, BR496-503. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol.

Censorship In Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Censorship in Fahrenheit 451   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, the people live in a society full of censorship. Montag, the main character of the story, is inspired by a young girl to question law around him and begins to have doubts about what good they serve. In Fahrenheit 451, censorship in the world consists of book burning, manipulative parlor families, and the intolerance of those who attempt to be an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Book burning in the story is done by firemen to supposedly prevent society from unhappy emotions and unjust thoughts. Any person who was perceived or proved to possess any sort of reading material was reported to firemen using alarms, which were sent to the fire station. On duty firemen then immediately went to the home of the lawbreaker and burnt the books discovered. Books would be covered in kerosene and torched with a flame-thrower. Houses were made fireproof in order for the firemen to burn the books inside the house without causing too much destruction. Immediately after the books are burned, the offender is arrested and taken to prison. Although book burning was the most abrupt and outlandish form of censorship, people experienced mind censorship in their homes every day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parlor walls were walls in a room used for watching television and specially designed â€Å"interactive† programs, designed to provide people with pleasure. Shows writ...

Arsenic and Old Lace Essay

The play opens in the living room of the Brewster home, where Abby and Martha Brewster, and their nephew, Teddy live. Teddy, who is rather crazy, believes himself to be Theodore Roosevelt. Mortimer enters and announces to his aunts that he intends to marry Elaine, the minister’s daughter, whom he is taking to a play that evening. Things begin to unravel as Mortimer lifts the lid to the window seat. He discovers the dead body of Mr. Hoskins and assumes that Teddy has killed him. However, Abby and Martha tell Mortimer that it was they who poisoned the man with their homemade elderberry wine – and that he is the eleventh (or twelfth) gentleman they have poisoned. Meanwhile Teddy is down in the cellar digging what he believes is the Panama Canal but is in reality a grave. Mortimer and Teddy’s brother Jonathan arrives. Jonathan is accompanied by Dr. Einstein, a plastic surgeon. Dr. Einstein has operated on Jonathan so that he looks like Boris Karloff, the horror film star. Teddy invites Einstein to join him in the cellar, where he believes he is digging the Panama Canal. Einstein quickly returns and confides to Jonathan that there is a hole large enough to bury Mr. Spenalzo (a man Jonathan recently killed) after everyone goes to bed. Once the lights are out and everyone is supposedly asleep, Teddy goes to the window seat to get Mr. Hoskins. At the same time Jonathan and Einstein go to their car to get Mr. Spenalzo. Both plan on burying the bodies in the cellar. Lights blink on and off, bodies are moved from the window seat to the cellar to the car outside, accusations and threats fly back and forth. Due to the commotion at the house, Officer O’Hara stops by to make sure all is well. When he is sure that everything is alright, he shifts topics and asks Mortimer of a play he is writing. Just then, the lieutenant bursts in and recognizes Jonathan as an escapee from a prison for the criminally insane. Jonathan tells the officers about the bodies in the cellar, but they don’t believe him and take him off to prison. Einstein gets away, and Teddy is certified insane and taken to the Happy Dale Sanitarium. Mortimer happily agrees when his aunts insist on going to Happy Dale with their nephew. The aunts then kindly inform Mortimer that he is actually not a member of the Brewster family. He was an illegitimate child and thus can marry Elaine without fear of passing the Brewster insanity on to his children. Mortimer happily departs, but before the women leave their house, they offer a drink to the head of Happy Dale, Mr. Witherspoon. Witherspoon is a lonely older gentleman, and he gladly accepts a glass of the spiked elderberry wine.

What We Know Be True About humans. essays

What We Know Be True About humans. essays What is a human or a characteristic that makes a human? Human, Humane may refer to which is, or should be, characteristic of human beings. In thus, describing characteristics, human may refer to good and bad traits of a person alike. When emphasis is placed upon the latter, human is thought of as contrasted to divine. Humane takes into account only the nobler or gentler aspects of people and is often contrasted to their more ignoble or brutish aspect. A humane person is benevolent in treating fellow humans or helpless animals. Ever since evolution, humans have made a lot of progress in becoming what we are today. Even though we have, in fact, come a long way, we have so much further to go to reach perfection. Personally, I dont think that humans will ever reach perfection. Our weaknesses have not been overcome for thousands of years, nor will they ever. No matter how far we come technologically, medically, or intellectually, our human nature is simply full of weaknesses. Our emotions as human beings prevent us to grasp the social skills that are required for social perfection. For example, jealousy, anger, and sadness all come in the way of our social skills. Even though most of us have been taught social skills at a young age, we still do not possess the skills of self control. Every person is different. How can someone judge what good manners are? If one person is taught one thing and another is taught the opposite, who is right? The answer is not easily understood. For each person, the answer lies within. Human beings have never been able to get along together. Even though we are all the same deep down, different groups of people do not accept other groups of people. This is very juvenile and closed-minded. All we have to do is think and analyze different situations to view things in a rational and legitimate way. A problem we face today is the growing population all over the world. ...

Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness

Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness Problems that teachers face include handling student needs, lack of parental support, and even criticism from a public that can be largely unaware of their everyday lives. Addressing these problems and bringing awareness to the educational environment that our teachers and students face daily can help improve teacher retention, student success rates, and the overall quality of education in our schools. Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs No matter what type of school youre talking about, teachers have to deal with a wide range of student needs, but public schools may struggle the most here. While private schools are able to select their students based on an application and assessment of the best fit for the school and community, public schools in the United States are required to take every student. While most educators would never want to change this fact, some teachers are faced with students who distract the rest of the classroom and add a significant challenge. Part of what makes teaching a challenging career is the diversity of the students. All students are unique in having their own background, needs, and learning styles. Teachers have to be prepared to work with all learning styles in every lesson, requiring more prep time and creativity. However, successfully working through this challenge can be an empowering experience for both students and teachers alike. Lack of Parental Support It can be incredibly frustrating for a teacher when parents don’t support their efforts to educate children. Ideally, a partnership exists between school and home, with both working in tandem to provide the best learning experience for students. However, when parents dont follow through with their responsibilities, it can often have a negative impact on the class. Research has proven that children whose parents make education a high priority and stay consistently involved may be more successful academically. Ensuring that students eat well, get enough sleep, study, complete their homework, and are prepared for the school day are just a few of the basic of the things that parents are expected to do for their children. While many of the best teachers go above and beyond to make up for a lack of parental support, a total team effort from the teachers, parents, and students is the ideal approach. Parents are the most powerful and consistent link between children and school since they are there throughout the child’s life while the teachers will change annually. When a child knows that education is essential and important, it makes a difference. Parents can also work to communicate effectively with the teacher and ensure that their child is successfully completing assignments. However, not every family has the ability to provide the necessary supervision and partnership, and some children are left to figure things out on their own. When faced with poverty, a lack a supervision, stressful and unstable home lives, and even parents who arent present, students have to overcome numerous hurdles to even make it school, never mind succeed. These challenges can lead to students failing and/or dropping out of school. Lack of Proper Funding School finance has a significant impact on teachers ability to maximize their effectiveness. When funding is low, class sizes often increase, which impacts instructional curriculum, supplemental curriculum, technology, and various instructional and extracurricular programs. Enrichment programs are cut, supply budgets are limited, and teachers have to get creative. Most teachers understand that this is completely out of their control, but it doesn’t make the situation any less frustrating. In public schools, finances are usually driven by each individual state’s budget and local property taxes, as well as federal funding and other sources, whereas private schools have private funding and often more flexibility in how it is spent. That means public school teachers are often more affected by lack of funding and are limited in how they can spend their money. In lean times, schools are often forced to make cuts that have a negative impact. Most teachers make do with the resources they are given or supplement with their own personal contributions. Overemphasis on Standardized Testing Not every student learns in the same way, and therefore not every student can accurately demonstrate mastery of educational topics and concepts in a similar fashion. As a result, standardized testing can be an ineffective method of assessment. While some teachers are completely against standardized testing, others tell you that they don’t have a problem with the standardized tests themselves but with how the results are interpreted and used. Most teachers say that you can’t get a true indicator of what any particular student is capable of on a single test on any particular day. Standardized tests arent just a pain for students, either; many school systems use the results to determine the effectiveness of the teachers themselves. This overemphasis has caused many teachers to shift their overall approach to teaching to a focus directly on these tests. This not only takes away from creativity and limits the scope of what is taught but can also quickly create teacher burnout and put excess pressure on the teachers to have their students perform well. Standardized testing brings with it other challenges as well. For example, many authorities outside of education only look at the tests bottom line, which hardly ever tell the whole story. Observers need to take much more into account than the overall score. Consider the example of two high school math teachers. One teaches in an affluent suburban school with lots of resources, and one teaches in an inner-city school with minimal resources. The teacher in the suburban school has 95% of her students score proficient, and the teacher in the inner-city school has 55% of his students score proficient. If only comparing overall scores, the teacher in the suburban school would appear to be the more effective teacher. However, a more in-depth look at the data reveals that only 10% of students in the suburban school had significant growth during the year while 70% of the students in the inner-city school had significant growth. So who is the better teacher? You can’t tell simply from standardized test scores, yet a large majority of decision-makers want to use test scores alone to judge both student and teacher performances. Poor Public Perception Weve all heard the old saying Those who can, do. Those who cant, teach. Unfortunately, a stigma is attached to teachers within the United States. In some countries, public school teachers are highly regarded and revered for the service that they provide. Today, teachers continue to be in the public spotlight because of their direct impact on the nation’s youth. Theres the added challenge that the media often focuses on negative stories dealing with teachers, which pulls attention away from their positive impact. The truth is that most teachers are dedicated educators who are in it for the right reasons and doing a solid job. Focusing on a good teacher’s best qualities can help teachers overcome their perceptions and find fulfillment in their profession. Educational Trends When it comes to learning, experts are always looking for the best tools and tactics for educating children. While many of these trends are actually strong and worthy of implementation, adoption of them within schools can be haphazard. Some believe that public education in the United States is broken, which often drives schools to look at ways to reform, sometimes too rapidly. Teachers can be faced with mandated changes in tools, curriculum, and best practices as administrators race to adopt the latest and greatest trends. However, these constant changes can lead to inconsistency and frustration, making teachers lives more difficult. Adequate training isnt always made available, and many teachers are left to fend for themselves to figure out how to implement whatever has been adopted. On the flip side, some schools are resistant to change, and teachers who are educated about learning trends may not receive funding or support to adopt them. This can lead to a lack of job satisfaction and teacher turnover, and it can hold students back from delving into a new way to learn that may actually help them achieve more.

Working Bibliography Essay Example

Working Bibliography Essay Example Working Bibliography Essay Working Bibliography Essay Bering, Jesse. Intoxicating Studies: The Effects of Alcohol on Social Behavior. Scientific American 10 Apr. 2009. 28 July 2009 scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=intoxicating-studies. DeWit, David J., et al. Age at First Alcohol Use: A Risk Factor for the Development of Alcohol Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ( May 2000 ) : 745-750. Hawkins, David, et al. Exploring the Effects of Age of Alcohol Use Initiation and Psychological Risk Factors on Subsequent Alcohol Misuse. J STud Alcohol 58 1997 May): 280-290. Perlez, J. Teenage drink and the responsibility in social life: Attributing change in the society. Longman publishers,   2003. (2) 22-27. Ramathi, R. Drinking Age of 21: Understanding the rationale behind teenage drinking. Pretoria: Longhorn publishers. 2003, 2: 75-77. Streeter, Ruth. The Debate on Lowering the Drinking Age. CBS News. (22 Feb. 2009). 28 July 2009 cbsnews.com/stories/2009/02/19/60minutes/main4813571.shtml. West Virginia University. Short-term Effects of Alcohol. www.hsc.wvu.edu. West Virginia University. 28 July 2009 hsc.wvu.edu/som/cmed/alcohol/home-fr.htm Worman, Howard J. Alcoholic Liver Disease. www.cumc.columbia.edu. 1998. Columbia University Medical Center. 28 July 2009 cumc.columbia.edu/dept/gi/alcohol.html Annotations Streeter, Ruth. The Debate on Lowering the Drinking Age. CBS News. (22 Feb. 2009). 28 July 2009 cbsnews.com/stories/2009/02/19/60minutes/main4813571.shtml. This source is credible and is available to many. It is discussing an issue that has already caused a lot of debate in the public arena. The paper quotes experts who believe that the drinking age should be lowered to 18 years as the age limit of 21.   This experts include John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College in Vermont, who started a movement entitled –Choose Responsibility, to lowering the age back to 1 8. 2. Ramathi, R. Drinking Age of 21: Understanding the rationale behind teenage drinking. Pretoria: Longhorn publishers. 2003, 2: 75-77. The source is credible as the writer deals with the drinking age of 21. The 18-year-old mind already developed to the level of an adult thus they would tend to keep in mind the pro’s and con’s of alcohol as they tend to know the consequences of defying all the rules and regulations thus if legalized harm is not bound to happen as many deaths usually caused through drunk riving or injuries caused by violence may tend not to occur as they are well aware of the consequences. Thesis Legal Drinking Age Should be lowered to 18

Comparing The Bible & Milton's Paradise Lost Essay

Comparing The Bible & Milton's Paradise Lost - Essay Example This inclination to religious themes was manifested in his works prior to Paradise Lost. Some of these works are On the Morning of Christs Nativity, The Passion, and Upon the Circumcision (Luxon). This religious disposition displayed in his works continued after Paradise Lost was published; two examples of his works are Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes (Luxon). But among his literary works with religious themes, the best one would be his epic masterpiece, Paradise Lost. However, it would be objectionable to call Milton’s Paradise Lost to be the greatest literary work or the greatest epic of all time. For one, Paradise Lost may be in some way, a copy of the accounts of Moses about man’s first offense against God. The plot from the Bible was adapted in poetry form but Milton intricately laced the story with descriptive details that even include dialogues between Satan and the other rebel angels; narrations about the origin of the world by an angel named Raphael; and conversations between Adam and Eve. Another reason would be its similarities with the early epics Aeneid by Virgil and Iliad by Homer. Paradise Lost is analogous to Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Iliad mainly because of their similarities in their source of inspiration. Other noticeable similarities would be on the plot, the characters involved and the relationships of the characters to each other in the three epics. Before giving further details about Paradise Lost’s similarities with the other two epics, it would be best to know beforehand Milton’s literary basis in writing Paradise Lost and that would be the Bible. The fall of man as accounted in Paradise Lost has some similarities and differences from the Biblical account of the entry of sin in earth. Being based on the Bible, the similarities are very obvious, but the differences require to be discussed. In the

History of the Second Temple Period Research Paper

History of the Second Temple Period - Research Paper Example The second temple period became complete at the beginning of the first Jewish-roman war and the demolition of the Jewish temple. During the second temple period, Judaism was faced by three main predicaments and their consequences while different groups of Jews reacted to them differently. The period began with the destruction of Jewish kingdom when the Judeans lost their land, holy city, temple and monarchy and most of them exiled to Babylon. This was followed by a theological crisis, which involved nature, goodness and power of God. They were also threatened in terms of culture, ceremonies and race since they were thrown into propinquity with other individuals and religious groups. The lack of acknowledged prophets later in the period left them lacking divine guidance at the moment when they were mostly in need of (their) support and guidance. The second crisis was the increasing authority of Hellenism in Judea that ended in the Maccabeus Revolt in 167 BCE. The final crisis involved the Roman occupation of the region. The aim of the paper is to describe the Second Temple Period from Alexander the Great to the reign of Herod’s sons. ... cond Temple Period The second temple period, which lasted 600 years, can be divided into various periods each with own distinct political and social characteristics. During this time, different kingdoms took power of Jerusalem, they included Persian, Macedonian Greeks (Alexander the Great), and Egyptian Greeks, Syrian Greeks, nature and Romans and the Egyptians. During the return to Zion from Babylonian captivity, which was during the Persian period, Jerusalem was rather poor. However, the city enjoyed vivacious flourishing religious life. The same time saw the appearance of a dominant religious class, sophisticated elite accessible to foreign influence2. The Persians were conjured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. The Persians’ defeat by Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period which reigned until the Maccabean Revolt in 167 BCE. The Hellenistic period under Alexander the Great comprised of a rising gap between the Hellenized elites who espoused Greek way of lif e and the city’s observant inhabitants. It is this gap which eventually resulted to the Maccabean Revolt. After the demise of Alexander the Great, the division of his empire among the generals, the formation of the Seleucide kingdom followed3. The decline of associations between the Hellenized Jews and sacred Jews guided the Seleucid King, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, to enforce decrees prohibiting particular Jewish religious rites and traditions. As a result, the orthodox Jews revolted under the rule of the Hasmonean people (Maccabees). The revolt resulted to the creation of an independent Judean empire under the Hasmonaean dynasty. The dynasty later disintegrated following the civil war between sons of Salome Alexandra and Aristobullus II. Those not interested in the governance of the King but

Type of Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Type of Federalism - Essay Example Each of these has many departments, and each of these departments uses a suitable type of federalism when solving its issues (Dye, 2010). The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in the US government is concerned with preventing and disrupting terrorist attacks, protecting American citizens from any aggression, protecting infrastructural facilities and resources in the US, and enforcing immigration laws. In order to do this, the department patrols borders regularly, protects travelers, responds to emergencies and disasters, and also ensures that citizens are prepared for any form of emergency situations (Zimmerman, 2010). Cooperative federalism should be applied in homeland security issues since it would produce better results than the other types of federalism. Cooperative federalism requires that the federal government, local governments and state governments share responsibilities in governing the people. Therefore, applying cooperative federalism in the Department of Homeland security would ensure that all units of the federal government cooperate in ensuring that security of citizens is promoted and terrorism is combated from the grassroots. Cooperative Federalism would also ensure that illegal immigrations are prevented from local borders of all states. This form of federalism would also ensure that the state’s resources and infrastructural facilities are protected from destruction from the lowest government unit to the highest. If such measures were only directed at the level of the federal government, the mission of the department would not be realized at the level of the local government and the state government. New Federalism is analogous to Cooperative Federalism since it entails devolution of power from the Federal government to the state government. This type should also be applied by the DHS in solving issues as it would ensure that grass-root issues are solved. Permissive federalism should not be used by the DHS since it

SPE 565 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SPE 565 - Essay Example These are social-cognitive theory by Bandura, 1991, Theory of Planned Behaviour by Azjen, 1991 and Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour by Triandis, 1981. (Bandura, 1997) defined social-cognitive as a theory that "explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioural patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies" (n.p.). The factors to be considered to evaluate behavioural change are the people, environment, and behaviour. This social cognition model focuses on self-efficacy expectancies or beliefs about a person's ability to perform certain behaviour. A framework for designing, implementing and evaluating programs are being offered in social-cognitive theory. To better analyze this social cognition model, analysis of the pros and cons when this model is used should be presented. SCT is an important and effective means for educators in assisting the students to gain new supporting skills by developing feelings of self-efficacy from their own mastery experiences. SLT can help educators determine why certain learning activities work, and why other activities aren't very effective as the students may receive standard persuasive techniques to try to instil feelings of self-efficacy. ... It is believed that all of the people are able of doing critical thinking, in spite of their differences. Additionally, social cognitive theory encourages the use of non-traditional methods of learning instructions and evaluations, which involves a major time commitment on the part of the expert using the model. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) evaluated: The theory of planned behaviour is a theory about the relation between behaviour and attitudes. It was projected by Icek Ajzen as an annex of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It is one of the most prognostic persuasion theories. As (Wikipedia, 2007), "it has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioural intentions and behaviours in various fields such as advertising, public relations, campaigns, healthcare, etc." (n.p.). TPB can cover people's intentional behaviour which Theory of Reasoned Action cannot explain. TPB would help better forecast health-related behavioural intention as it improves the predictability of intentions. It can give explanation to individual's social behaviours by viewing social norms as important factors. However, TPB fails to notice emotional factors and may only provide limited assessment on these areas. Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB) - Triandis Theory This model is based on TRA and TPB although based on (Davis et al., 1992) "efforts towards developing models that incorporate a non-utilitarian aspect of technology acceptance have been made" (pp 1111-1132). Hence, it does not distinguish the emotional from the cognitive domain and promotes assumption that an individual is positioned on the dimension of both emotional and cognitive bipolar in terms of evaluation. Triandis theory of interpersonal

THE BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNGSTERS TOWARDS LUXURY PRODUCTS Essay

THE BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNGSTERS TOWARDS LUXURY PRODUCTS - Essay Example Increasing disposable income, information explosion and changing lifestyles have put personal grooming high on the priority list for youngsters worldwide. The present paper discusses what motivates youngsters to purchase luxurious products. The paper takes a literature review approach where the major theories of buyer behavior are discussed in the context of youngsters buying decisions. Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to study the consumer buying behavior because the buyer's reactions to a firm's marketing strategy have a great impact on the firm's success. Consumer behavior is interdisciplinary in nature, since it is based on the concepts and theories about people that have been developed by scientists in such diverse disciplines as psychology, sociology, social psychology, cultural anthropology, and economics. According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2003), "the process of consumer decision-making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking stages: the input stage, the process stage, and the output stage". Brands are never cheap and treated as by-word of luxury for many, especially among youngsters. Many feel that brands are image creators and they enhance buyers' prestige and social status. This is one the belief that only the rich and upper-class can afford them as brands have become part of their lifestyle. The basic difference between a brand and a non-brand is a feeling of "trust" that consumers derive when they buy a product. A brand is generally a wholesome approach-it reveals the price, quality, origin, technology and so on. In a wholesome approach, consumers not only trust the brand but also associate lot of things with it like price, image, quality, origin, durability, etc. It has been observed by researchers that the awareness of brands will also have effects on the decisions to purchase certain products within a group of youngsters (Keller, 1993; Hoyer and Brown, 1990). However, well-established brands are purchased using heuristic principle (decision rule) as remarked by Roselius (1971) and Jacoby et al (1977). It is not necessary always that customer spends a lot of time for purchasing in their day-to-day busy schedule. This has been proved in a research by Hoyer (1984). He observed that the average number of item examination (search) is made in a store was only 1.2 before the final decision is made, a study on pre-purchase of laundry powder. But, for items such as toothpastes, coffee etc, consumers take only 12 seconds on an average to take a decision after they have been searched for in the shelf Dickson and Sawyer (1986). It has also been researched that consumers apply 'buy the brand I have heard of' rule of thumb to purchase certain brands to m inimize their cost of purchasing such as time, effort etc. This behavior is apparent in case of brands which are very popular and that needs less efforts to purchase the items (Hoyer and Brown 1990; and Mackay, 1990). 3.0 The role of changing life styles Consumers often choose products, services and activities over others because they are associated with a certain lifestyle. For this reason, lifestyle marketing strategies attempt to position a product by fitting it into an existing pattern of consumption. The relationship of the product used by the consumers has been extensively studied in the past. According to

Social eek 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social eek 2 - Essay Example This is with regards to distribution of pretax income in the economy. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages linked to greater income equality. Greater income equality helps fight some of the social evils in society including social exclusion and poverty among the poor. Secondly, it leads to improved provision of basic facilities including health education and leads to higher social mobility. On the contrary, improved economic equality leads to lack of motivation by the poor to work hard since income is distributed equally (Desilver, 2013). Secondly, it leads to poor innovation and new skills since the rich contribute towards the payment of taxes that are distributed equally. Greater income equality can be achieved in various ways. First, the cycle of poverty should be broken by increasing low incomes (Ellyat, 2013). Secondly, high incomes should be lowered closer to the average income (Bartels, 2008). Finally, the cycle of privilege that inhibits social mobility and cements inequality should be eliminated. Desilver, D. (2013, December 5). U.S. income inequality, on rise for decades, is now highest since 1928. Retrieved from

SPE 565 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SPE 565 - Essay Example These are social-cognitive theory by Bandura, 1991, Theory of Planned Behaviour by Azjen, 1991 and Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour by Triandis, 1981. (Bandura, 1997) defined social-cognitive as a theory that "explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioural patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies" (n.p.). The factors to be considered to evaluate behavioural change are the people, environment, and behaviour. This social cognition model focuses on self-efficacy expectancies or beliefs about a person's ability to perform certain behaviour. A framework for designing, implementing and evaluating programs are being offered in social-cognitive theory. To better analyze this social cognition model, analysis of the pros and cons when this model is used should be presented. SCT is an important and effective means for educators in assisting the students to gain new supporting skills by developing feelings of self-efficacy from their own mastery experiences. SLT can help educators determine why certain learning activities work, and why other activities aren't very effective as the students may receive standard persuasive techniques to try to instil feelings of self-efficacy. ... It is believed that all of the people are able of doing critical thinking, in spite of their differences. Additionally, social cognitive theory encourages the use of non-traditional methods of learning instructions and evaluations, which involves a major time commitment on the part of the expert using the model. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) evaluated: The theory of planned behaviour is a theory about the relation between behaviour and attitudes. It was projected by Icek Ajzen as an annex of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It is one of the most prognostic persuasion theories. As (Wikipedia, 2007), "it has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioural intentions and behaviours in various fields such as advertising, public relations, campaigns, healthcare, etc." (n.p.). TPB can cover people's intentional behaviour which Theory of Reasoned Action cannot explain. TPB would help better forecast health-related behavioural intention as it improves the predictability of intentions. It can give explanation to individual's social behaviours by viewing social norms as important factors. However, TPB fails to notice emotional factors and may only provide limited assessment on these areas. Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB) - Triandis Theory This model is based on TRA and TPB although based on (Davis et al., 1992) "efforts towards developing models that incorporate a non-utilitarian aspect of technology acceptance have been made" (pp 1111-1132). Hence, it does not distinguish the emotional from the cognitive domain and promotes assumption that an individual is positioned on the dimension of both emotional and cognitive bipolar in terms of evaluation. Triandis theory of interpersonal

Social eek 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social eek 2 - Essay Example This is with regards to distribution of pretax income in the economy. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages linked to greater income equality. Greater income equality helps fight some of the social evils in society including social exclusion and poverty among the poor. Secondly, it leads to improved provision of basic facilities including health education and leads to higher social mobility. On the contrary, improved economic equality leads to lack of motivation by the poor to work hard since income is distributed equally (Desilver, 2013). Secondly, it leads to poor innovation and new skills since the rich contribute towards the payment of taxes that are distributed equally. Greater income equality can be achieved in various ways. First, the cycle of poverty should be broken by increasing low incomes (Ellyat, 2013). Secondly, high incomes should be lowered closer to the average income (Bartels, 2008). Finally, the cycle of privilege that inhibits social mobility and cements inequality should be eliminated. Desilver, D. (2013, December 5). U.S. income inequality, on rise for decades, is now highest since 1928. Retrieved from

Linguistics and Language Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Language Essay While bilingualism has always been an object of interest and thorough research for scientists of various fields, mixing languages had been, until the last few decades, cast aside as its defective by-product. However, recent linguistic studies show that intermingling languages should not be considered an ill-conceived overlapping tendency that implies carelessness and a improper use of language, but a linguistic phenomenon with its own intricate rules and purposes. The addition of objectivity towards this subject has enabled linguists to describe in length the downsides and benefits of intermingling languages. None of the pros and cons can be treated with absolute certainty as language mixing itself is often subject to different interpretations. The term ‘intermingling languages’ is sometimes replaced with ‘code switching’ or ‘code mixing’, and the latter two treated as synonyms, although their meaning differs in multiple aspects. Code switching implies that the alternation between languages takes place after longer periods of time. Since code-switch mostly occurs at a clause or sentence boundary, it is referred to as intersential switching. According to the Sridhar brothers (1980) code mixing comprises of changing languages after shorter utterances within a single sentence, and can therefore be considered intrasential. Unlike code switching, it is not accompanied by a shift in speech situation. Code mixing also differs from borrowing, which is a less comprehensive form of using multiple languages in a short period of time. Code mixing, unlike borrowing, is not necessarily caused by a lexical gap in the host language. Neither are the mixed elements limited to a collection of terms accepted by the speech community. The mixed sequences are longer than single words (as is immanent to borrowing), but they are not always assimilated into the base language according to usual grammatical rules. The greatest difference of the two linguistic devices is probably the fact that code mixing is inevitably the result of bilingualism, however, borrowing can also occur in monolingual speech. (Sridhar Sridhar 1980) Despite the availabilty of aforementioned precise definitions numerous studies use code/language switching, mixing and intermingling synonymously without notable deficiency in the results, since these definitions tend to not hold a high level of importance when it comesto analysing the reasons, benefits and downsides of mixing languages. Contrary to popular belief, code mixing is not necessarily a sign of improperly acquired languages or inability to switch from bilingual to monolingual mode. Instead, the contradicticting mixing occurs when the usage of a single language no longer efficiently conveys meaning that is appropriate to a certain situation. According to Crystal (1987 cited in Rezaei Gheitanchian 2008) the benefits of code-switch become apparent when solving communication problems in three types of situations. The most obvious reason for a switch in languages being the difficulty in expressing oneself due to a deficiency in the base language. This shortage of a lexical item may come about because the expressed concept has no equivalent in the culture of the other language, or simply because of a momentary inability to remember said term in the host language. This type of code switching is especially prone to happen when the speaker is upset, tired or distracted in some manner. Work related mixing also falls into the ‘lexical gap’ category. For example, code switching becomes a useful tool when individuals lack the appropriate jargon while speaking about a particular topic. One may mix languages when talking about work because the technical terms associated with work are only known in one language. The second important cause in switching is the wish to ensure social belonging. An individual my want to express solidarity with a particular social group. In this case rapport is established between the speaker and the listener if the latter responds with a similar switch. Code mixing may also be used to exclude people from a conversation: for example, when travelling companions switch to their native language when mentioning things they do not wish to convey to the surrounding people; or when bilingual parents mix languages to keep their monolingual children from understanding private conversations. Thirdly, the reason for switching may be result of the wishing to convey one’s attitude towards the listener. Whereas monolinguals can express attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilinguals have an extra device in this situation – code switching. When two bilinguals are accustomed to communicating in a fixed language, switching to the other is thought to create a special effect. This idea suggests that code switching can be used as a socio-linguistic tool, that aids bilinguals to emphasise a particular point in a sentence. While these benefits havebeen pointed out only during the last few decades of language studies, the downsides of code switching have always been an emphasised parallel to bilingualism research. The most common allegations have been the inability to fully comprehend either language; delays in thinking, speaking and understanding; language pollution and deterioration. The notion that intermingling languages is a results of insufficient knowledge of either of the languages, their grammatical structures and syntax, can be dismissed with the aid of the Equivalence Constraint by Poplack: â€Å"Codeswitches will tend to occur at points in discourse where juxtaposition of L1, and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule of either language, i. e. , at points around which the surface structures of the two languages map onto each other. † (1979 cited in Sridhar Sridhar 1980). This means that when the two languages have very different syntactical rules, the mixing is done in a way that switches occur in those parts of the sentence that allow the presence of a foreign word without causing grammatical discrepancies. However, when this is not possible the following principle of linguistics minimises the incongruity of the situation: â€Å"Dual Structure Principle: the internal structure of the guest constituent need not conform to the constituent structure rules of the host language, so long as its placement in the host sentence obeys the rules of the host language. † (Sridhar Sridhar 1980) Another problem associated with intermingling is the claimed time delay that occurs in switching. However, Gollan and Ferreira (2009) suggest that bilinguals switch languages only when non-dominant language responses are easily accesible and the switching does not occur with the price of accuracy, or if the switches improve accuracy. Furthermore, if the switches are not forced, bilinguals can actually make up for some of the costs linked with language mixing, including the small costs in time. The uncertainties that bilinguals experience when expressing emotions can also be considered a problematic aspect of language mixing. The common belief that emotions conveyd in the mother tongue have the most strength and sincereness, implies that code switching somehow lessens the truthfulness of one’s emotions. In contrast, Grosjean (2008) points out that the notion of bilinguals always expressing their emotions in their first language is a myth. The opposite can be true when a childhood in one language lacked affection or had an abundance of distressing events – in  that case, the second language may be used more often as it has stronger reaffirming emotional tones. Despite the emergence of the previous pattern, there are instances where a person might benefit more from using an emotionally less-dominating language. For example, code switching is sometimes strategically used in psychological counseling. This can be accounted to the usefulness of speaking in a second language when trying to distance oneself from emotional events. Language switching becomes a defence mechanism because of usaging a language that is not associated with such a broad range of emotions (often L2). (Altarriba Santiago Riviera 1994 as cited in Altarriba, Heredia 2001). Language mixing is an important aspect of bilingualism, and a natural occurence the conversations of bilinguals. Some linguists see it as a polluting factor which indicates the lack of language proficiency. This notion is supported by findings alike the apparent delays that switching has shown to occasionally cause in speech formation and comprehension. The claim of language mixing resulting in improper use of syntax has been counteracted with proving the well-formed and grammatically correct unwritten rules of code switching. Therefore, most of the downsides of code mixing have either not found enough proof or are minimised by counteractive processes. Analysing the reasons for language mixing has enabled us to point out its benefits. Intermingling may be induced by a simple lack of a lexical term, the need to build rapport with a fellow bilingual, a wish to restrict the conversation from surrounding monolinguals or the necessity to convey a different tone or opinion towards what is being expressed. When the problemic conditions that triggered code switching are solved this linguistic devices proves its usefulness. Keeping these notions in mind, it is easy to agree with practitioners, who despite some downsides, see language mixing as an inevitable linguistic occurance that enhances communication rather than decreasing its quality. Intermingling strengthens the content and the essence of the message, thus becoming an important social funtion of communicating. References Altarriba, J. and Santiago-Rivera, A. L. 1994. Current perspectives on using linguistic and cultural factors in counseling the Hispanic client. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 388–397. Altarriba, Jeanette and Heredia, Roberto R. 2001. Bilingual Language Mixing: Why Do Bilinguals Code-Switch? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10: 15, 164-168. Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Gollan, Tamara H. and Ferreira, Victor S. 2008. Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switshing in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35: 3, 640-665. Grosjean, Francois. 2008. Studying Bilinguals. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Poplack, S. 1979. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol: Toward a typology of codeswitching. Linguistics, 18: 7-8, 581-618. Rezaei, Seyyed Hassan Seyyed and Gheitanchian, Mehrnaz. 2008. E-proceedings of the International Online Language Conference (IOLC), 61-67. Sridhar, S. N. and Sridhar, Kamal K. 1980. The Syntax and Psycholynguistics of Bilingual Code Mixing. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34: 4, 407-416. | | |

Summary of Total Quality Management Model

Summary of Total Quality Management Model In the early 1990s, a philosophy of management called total quality management gained popularity. Its origins are traced to the ideas of U.S. quality experts W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Duran and highlighted by such programs as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Total quality management (TQM) is defined as managing the entire organization so that it excels in all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer. As the definition states, this philosophy concentrates on quality as a primary component of the organizations drive for competitive advantage. Marketing decision-making is directly effected by such a system because quality is a component of product/service design and can be an important decision-making criterion employed by potential buyers. The TQM model goes beyond product and service quality, however, and suggests that a highly structured system of management that emphasizes mechanisms like control and punitive action which stifles people and ultimately hinders an organizations attempt to produce quality products and services. Rather, the organization that views all its employees as critical, creative resources will be much better able to pursue quality in every activity and through every decision. Some of the key tenets of TQM are: Every employee has creative skill and talent that can be beneficial to the organization, and employees should be empowered with decision-making responsibility and authority. An organization must engage in parallel and simultaneous decision making rather that hierarchical decision-making. Functions like marketing and production must work together and simultaneously to create solutions rather than waiting for another and engaging in reactive decision-making. An organization must replace a control mentality and structure with one that nurtures creativity and cross-functional participation in decision-making. Speed and quality are the essential dimensions of competitive advantage and should constitute the overriding objectives of the organization. The underlying premises of TQM are attractive. However, TQM can be a very costly and time-consuming process. Speed and quality are essential to the concept of TQM as they are to product development and the efforts by firms like Honda to cut development time and use speed as a strategic tool. The argument that rigid and hierarchical organizational structures suppress creativity and limit an organizations potential is a believable proposition. But, organisations are discovering that the concept of TQM has some practical hazards that make complete implementation difficult. Specifically, the following can compromise TQM as a management approach: Not all employees are capable of or desire to be empowered. Many employees, even at middle-management levels are content to make contributions to the organization by following rather than leading. It can be difficult to motivate employees to embrace corporate objectives over their own personal or career objectives. Effective implementation of TQM requires that corporate goals be placed ahead of personal goals. Effective implementation of TQM procedures presumes effective and swift communication within an organization in order for functional areas to operate simultaneously rather than hierarchically. Many organizations are unable to establish effective and rapid communications networks essential to the success of a TQM system. Implementation of a total quality system requires its own sort of bureaucracy, which itself can bog down the organization from the standpoints of both cost and speed of decision making. While TQM is an appealing philosophy, it remains to be seen whether it can be effectively implemented across complex organizations. Some firms, like Motorola, have had tremendous success with a TQM approach to management. Many other firms, however, have experienced almost insignificant quality increases when compared to the massive scale of the firms quality effort. Horizontal Management Structure The horizontal corporation may be the most radical of the new management systems being touted. A horizontal management structure is defined as managing across an organization rather than in a top-down, hierarchical fashion by identifying key processes and creating teams to manage them. The main premise of horizontal management structure borrows a dimension from TQM: the downward, hierarchical authority of an organization must be dismantled to take advantage of all corporate resources. In place of vertical authority, a new horizontal system is proposed that organizes a firm around processes rather than tasks. Such a horizontal structure is said to eliminate a task orientation and focus company resources on customers instead The following are the seven key elements of a horizontal structure management system: A Process Organizational Structure.Create a structure around processes rather than tasks. The entire company can be built around three to five core processes. A process owner is assigned to each. Horizontal Structure.Levels of supervision should be kept to a minimum by combining tasks within processes. The hierarchical nature of the organization should be flattened to resemble the activities. Team Management.Teams rather than managers will run processes. Each team is held accountable for performance within processes. Customer Satisfaction Drives Performance.Do away with old measures of performance like stock appreciation or profitability and use customer satisfaction instead: profits will follow if customers are satisfied? Team Performance Rewards.The evaluation and pay system should emphasize team not individual performance. Encourage the development of multiple skills rather than specialization. Maximum Supplier, Customer, Employee Contact.Employees must have direct and frequent contact with suppliers and customers. Find in-house teams where suppliers and customers can be participants. Inform and Train All Employees.Employees must be trusted with critical data and important decisions. Include all employees, not just leaders. The horizontal structure, like others, is intended to increase the speed and efficiency of activities and decision-making. So far, it has met with considerable success. ATT Network Systems Division has reorganized all of its 130 activities around 13 core processes and employee bonuses are based on customer satisfaction evaluations. Kodak has eliminated several vice-president level positions and uses self-directed teams to manage the areas instead. Finally, Xerox now handles its new product development through multi-disciplinary teams that work in a single process structure rather than vertical or even simultaneous functions. Re-engineering Reengineering as a management imperative is similar to the horizontal structure system with one major exception. Re-engineering focuses on the redesign of processes within an organization just as the horizontal system does. However, reengineering is not restricted to any particular redesign of processes. Rather, the entire organization is scrutinized from top to bottom to search for opportunities for improvement. Re-engineering is defined as the radical redesign of business processes to achieve major gains in cost, service, or time. Changing processes to achieve productivity or effectiveness gains does not distinguish reengineering from either TQM or a horizontal structure. There are, however, two distinctive aspects of reengineering. First, re-engineering examines the organization from the outside in and designs it around customers needs. The key question to be asked is, If we could start this company from scratch, how would it be designed? Second, reengineering promotes strong lead ership from the top, the Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer leads the organization. This is completely different from either TQM or a horizontal structure. Several firms have had tremendous success with reengineering. Union Carbide has used reengineering to cut U.S.$400 million out of the fixed costs of its operations over a three-year period. GTE reengineered its customer service operations from the outside in and created customer care centres. Before reengineering, customers had to deal with three different departments for line problems, billing questions, and special services. After reengineering, GTE has a single customer contact process where effectiveness is judged by how many times a problem can be solved without passing the customer on to another department. Reengineering is recommended for important, broad-based corporate and marketing processes like new product development and customer service rather than for specific strategic issues like cost or quality problems. The Virtual Corporation The virtual corporation is a management system in which several companies form a temporary network of joint ventures and alliances that come together quickly to exploit fast-changing opportunities. The virtual corporation is conceived of as a grouping of independent organization, manufacturers, service providers, suppliers, customers, and even competitors that are linked with information technology to share knowledge and skills. There is no central administration, no hierarchy, and no formal lines of authority. Rather, the virtual corporation is a group of collaborators that will come together temporarily to exploit market opportunities. Each partner in the alliance contributes what it is best at doing. (This sort of arrangement with an example of Toshiba Electronics global alliances). The key features of a virtual corporation management arrangement are: Excellence.Each partner in a virtual corporation alliance brings a core competence to the collaboration. In this way, each function and process can be world-class calibre. Technology.Global information networks will allow participants to create electronic links for sharing expertise and knowledge. Information superhighways could create electronic contracts without legal ties. Opportunism.The partnerships are temporary and created to exploit a specific market opportunity. Once the opportunity disappears, the alliance will likely disappear as well. Trust.The fate of each partner is dependent on the other. Trust is a key dimension in the successful performance of a virtual corporation. No Borders.The collaboration among customers, suppliers, producers, and competitors breaks down borders between organizations. The virtual corporation concept has its critics, but it also has brought together some of the most prominent names in the corporate world. ATT used Marubeni Trading Co. to establish a relationship with Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. to expedite the production of notebook computers, which were designed by a fourth partner, Henry Dreyfuss Associates. Corning, Inc., has 19 partnerships that account for nearly 13 percent of the firms earnings. Former rivals IBM, Apple, and Motorola have created an alliance to develop an operating system and microprocessor for a new generation of computers, the Power PC. Once again, this proposed corporate management system would have pervasive effects across the marketing systems of the firms involved. Product development speed and efficacy, customer service, sales effectiveness, and price levels all can be directly affected. The future of the virtual corporation vision is unknown. While it is conceptually intriguing, there are definite obstacles. The information technology is not quite in place; firms have never had to trust each other to the degree that this proposal calls for; and there may need to be changes in regulations related to antitrust and intellectual property before virtual corporations can actually be formed. A Global Perspective By now you have become accustomed to a discussion at this point of the global issues associated with a topic area. Successful cultivation of worldwide markets is by far the most formidable challenge faced by organisations. An organizations resources are pressed to their limits when foreign markets become the focus of the marketing effort. Case Study: What short-term marketing strategies did Harley-Davidson implement while it was developing the long-term strategy of redesigned engines? A Tale of Management Challenges By the start of the 1980s, Harley-Davidson, the last U.S. motorcycle maker, had seen its share of the super-heavyweight motorcycle market drop from 75 percent in 1973 to less than 25 percent. Quality in the production process was so poor that more than half the cycles produced came off the assembly line missing parts and were delivered to dealers inoperable. The big Harleys leaked oil, vibrated excessively, and were hard to start. Performance couldnt touch the new bullet bikes arriving from Japan with their breath-taking acceleration and silky smooth transmissions. Harley loyalists were still willing to get their hands greasy to fix the big bikes and to modify their performance, but new buyers who were fuelling the growth in the motorcycle market had no intention of doing so. Needless to say, Harley-Davidson faced a huge management challenge. As Vaugn Beals, chairman of Harley-Davidson, put it, We were being wiped out by the Japanese because they were better managers. It wasnt the ro botics, or culture, or morning calisthenics and company songsit was professional managers who understood their business and paid attention to detail.1 Beals devised a long-range plan to win customers and bring Harley-Davidsons back to prominence in the motorcycle market. The important change would be to upgrade performance with a new generation of engine designs. This transition would take up to ten years. Harley needed solutions much sooner to survive. Those solutions came in the form of marketing management decisions to implement short- and intermediate-term strategies: Willie G. Davidson created a series of cosmetic styling changes. In the five years before Harley could bring the new engines on line, he introduced a succession of new models -Super Glide, Low Rider, and Wide Glide that emulated the look of the choppers Harley fanatics were putting together themselves. With a decal here and a paint strip there the new models were a huge success. Beals and several managers toured a Honda assembly plant and came away knowing their manufacturing techniques were woefully outdated and costly. A manufacturing team introduced a just-in-time inventory program in the firms Milwaukee engine plant. Huge inventories and elaborate materials handling systems were eliminated with the program. The result was an increase in quality and a reduction in costs. In marketing, management shifted its focus away from trying to compete with the Japanese across several product lines and concentrated on developing the big-bike segment. In 1983, the company formed the Harley Owners Group (HOG) to develop a closer relationship with customers. Shortly afterward, a $3 million demonstration campaign was initiated called SuperRide, which invited bikers to visit any of the companys 600 dealers for a ride on a new Harley. The Role of Marketing Management In 1984, Harley-Davidson sales were a mere U.S.$294 million, which produced a profit of only U.S.$2.9 million. By 1993, sales had soared to over U.S.$1.2 billion and profits approached U.S.$75 million. Harley-Davidson has not only survived, but has prospered and grabbed nearly 50 percent market share in the super-heavy weight market. The leaders of the firm managed Harley-Davidson out of crisis: corporate resources were focused on an identifiable target market segment, marketing and manufacturing were integrated to contain costs, programs to attract customers and support dealers were initiated, and strategies for the short- and long-term target market development were conceived and implemented. As this episode in the history of Harley-Davidson highlights, the role of marketing management in an organization is to provide a mechanism for guiding marketing strategy development and implementation. No firm can compete effectively without performing basic tasks in the marketing mix: product development, pricing, distribution, and promotion. But, the difference between a firm that achieves mediocre results and a firm that prospers is often based on how much emphasis is placed on the management of marketing activities. Marketing management is critical to making the marketing process prominent in a firm. As the marketing process is granted unique status through focused management attention, the precision and impact of marketing activities increases. This demonstrates that managing marketing activities rather than simply implementing marketing tasks has a tremendous impact on the competitive strength and profitability of a firm. Marketing management involves specialized management efforts. A highly useful and well-articulated definition of marketing management is: The analysis, planning, implementation, and control of programs designed to create, build, and maintain mutually beneficial exchanges and relationships with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. REFERENCES Points in the discussion of Harley-Davidson are taken from How Harley Beat Back the Japanese, Fortune (September 25, 1989) 155-164. Philip Kotler, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980), 22. Thomas A. Stewart, GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming, Fortune (August 12, 1991): 41-49.

The Estate Tax Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers Politics

The Estate Tax Have you heard the phrase "No taxation without representation"? It was the common cry of the colonists before the revolutionary war. The colonists did not want to be taxed by England if they were not allowed to vote in the English elections. England’s refusal to allow them to vote was a major reason the colonists decided to create their own government. When this new government was first created it did not tax those people that were not allowed to vote. Then things changed; in 1916 the estate tax was created. (The estate tax is a levy that taxes deceased people’s estates if it is worth more than $675,00.) If one is to remain true to the American ideal of "no taxation without representation," the estate tax should be lifted. Dead people are not allowed to vote and, therefore, should not be taxed. Sadly many people no longer care what principles America was founded on. So I shall expound upon other reasons to repeal the "death" tax. The reasons being: it makes it difficult to pass on family farms, it taxes the dead, it has outlived its original purpose and it creates an obstacle for small businesses. It is true that tax exemption is allowed for the first $675,000 that is left by the deceased. Therefore, a repeal of the estate tax would be a tax break for those who many consider rich. It is also true that some money escapes taxation due to loopholes in the tax code. Thus making the estate tax a way to make sure that all the wealth involved in the estate is taxed at least once. It is also true that the estate tax brings in revenue for the Federal government. However, those who say that the repeal of the estate tax is a tax cut for the rich may not have considered that family farmers are considered rich as far ... ...al of the estate tax would be made up in other taxes. So what is being done about the oppressiveness of the estate tax and the projected benefits of its repeal? Well just this last session a repeal of the estate tax passed both the house and the senate and was subsequently vetoed by President Clinton. (Thomas) The bill then went back to the house for a vote to overrule President Clinton’s veto. The vote to overrule the veto lost by 13 votes. (Tax Bites) This proves that many of your congressmen and women are pulling for you. This also proves that some are not. Victory for family farms small business owners, and philanthropists is close at hand, but it can only happen if you write your congressman urging him to support legislation that will repeal the estate tax, and by making your voice heard by voting for people who already support the repeal of the estate tax.

Rey Bredbarys Fehrinhiot 451 :: Ferinhiot 451 Esseys

Cherectir Discroptoun Gay: Hi os e cherectir whu os blondly duong whet thi wurld os duong eruand hom wothuat thonkong. Frum thi onsodi hi os doffirint, hi hes e sympethitoc end carouas sodi on hom, hoddin sumiwhiri. Hi os jast loki eny forimin woth en anshevin blaosh luuks ivin eftir hi shevis, end woth bleckniss uf thi eshis on hos hends end feci. Aftir hos incuantir woth clerossi, hi sterts tu thonk end wundir anotintounelly. Hi sterts tu qaistoun hos ceriir end thi riesun bihond barnong buuks. Thiri mast bi sumithong ompurtent on thusi buuks uthirwosi thiy wualdn’t bi biong barnid. Hi rielozis thet hos lofi os nuthong bat fori end barnong buuks, thet hos lofi os impty end gluumy. Hi hes tekin e stip tuwerds anluckong thi mystiry bihond barnong buuks end hos duar lofi. Moldrid: Shi os thi wofi uf Gay Munteg. Shi os e viry embogauas cherectir, fall uf saspocoun. Hir physocel eppierenci os viry onsognofocent â€Å"Hir feci wes loki e snuw cuvirid oslend apun whoch reon moght fell (9) Shi os ubvouasly ubsissid woth T.V on e wey piupli eri eddoctid tu drags. Shi asis tu kiip hir frum thonkong ebuat hir lofi end thi rieloty uf ot. Shi clierly troid tu cummot saocodi, bat shi rifasis ot. Thos ettimpt shuws thet shi os nut heppy woth hir lofi end went tu git rod uf ot. Shi duisn’t went tu divilup e riletoun woth hir hasbend, end shi duisn’t went tu hevi kods. Besocelly shi os on dinoel uf hir uwn lofi end ectouns, es e risalt shi os nut rielozong thet hir ectouns eri nut roght. Moldrid os loki en ivol stunir whu sots on hir huasi ell dey. Bietty: Hi os e viry clivir cherectir. Hi hetis buuks end wents tu barn thim, bat ot siims loki es of hi sicritly rieds buuks. Hi os e bog gay woth viry ponk tuni uf culur tu hos feci. Darong thi forst pert uf thi buuk, thi forimin gut cellid fur en imirgincy et thi uld wumen's huasi fur buuks. If ried cerifally yua woll nutoci enuthir sodi uf Bietty’s cherectir. Whin Bietty telks tu thi uld wumen hi rifirincis e lottli frum thi Bobli, â€Å"Yua’vi biin luckid ap hiri fur yiers woth e rigaler demnid Tuwir uf Bebil,†(24). It siims loki hi asi tu ried on thi pest bifuri thi buuk barnong stertid. Bietty elsu trois tu cuntrul Gay’s mond frum hos ixpiroinci es e fori cepteon, bat hi cen nivir rimuvi thi merk thet Clerossi hes lift un Gay ebuat buuks.

NSA surveillance Essay

There has been a ton of controversy surrounding the topic of the NSA. Throughout the history of the United States we have fallen victim to terrorist attacks and we cannot blame the governments desire to be ten steps ahead rather than 10 steps behind. The NSA’s main focus is our safety, they do not exist to infringe on our constitutional rights. Liberty and security go hand-in-hand; one cannot exist without the other. People tend to approach this topic on a â€Å"national security v. civil liberties† meanwhile nothing says that both cannot exist together. It is absolutely possible to have national security while still preserving the civil liberties of the citizens. Everyone would like to live in an ideal world where the government takes an idealistic approach because that would mean leaving the people completely vulnerable to outside threats. What the people fail to realize is that modern terrorists online are a real risk to this country. They use the internet as a way to contact each other. The internet holds fatal information like how to make a bomb which anyone and everyone can have access to. Terrorists would also have access to most of the information needed about the enemy in order to make their attack successful. The media has portrayed the NSA as a negative and unnecessary agency meanwhile there is nothing negative and unnecessary about keeping this country safe. The NSA doesnâ€⠄¢t target innocent Americans one by one. The NSA works solely for our benefit and safety. If a person has nothing to hide there should be no reason to have a problem with the NSA and the things that they do. I do see how people can feel like it is an invasion of privacy but at the end of the day, would you want the NSA to check on you every once in a while or would you rather risk the possibility of a terrorist attack that can lead into millions of lives lost ultimately leading to war? The NSA is able to tap into anyone’s email and texts but they aren’t doing it with malicious intent, or to snoop in your business, they’re doing it solely for the reason of your safety and the safety of everyone else around you. Less than 30,000 people work for the NSA and there are 300 million people in the United States sending calls everyday, the chances of you getting monitored is the same as the odds of  you winning the lottery. The NSA does not care who you’re going to the movies with or what you are having for dinner. As long as you are not contacting terrorists groups or posing harm to the well being of this country you have absolutely nothing to worry about. In June of this year, whistleblower Edward Snowden, a worker for the NSA, leaked classified documents about the NSA’s procedures in online and telephone surveillance to a the Guardian, a British newspaper. Before the leak, however, no public knowledge of PRISM, the surveillance program controlled by the NSA, existed. There were no riots protesting a violation of privacy, only benefits. In fact, the NSA stopped numerous terrorist attacks before the leak. An example of this is that of Najibullah Zazi. Zazi was an Islamic extremist living in Colorado who planned to bomb the New York City subway in 2009. He was traced to Al-Qaeda operative in the Middle East and the NSA discovered information about the plot after monitoring him for only a s hort period of time. Before the leak, the NSA was not harming anyone, and saving countless numbers of lives. Since 2001, the NSA records more than 50 classified cases of thwarted terrorist plots outweighing any potential harms of surveillance. It is impossible to satisfy every person in the country. People complain when there is nothing being done and they complain when a solution is found. This leaves the government stuck between a rock and a hard place. Realistically, the NSA doesn’t affect our lives on a daily basis. The chances of the NSA getting hacked are much more slim then the chances of an attack on the country. We all have to sacrifice certain things for the well being of the country as a whole and in this case privacy is worth sacrificing for safety. I’m sure no one wants to see a repeat of the tragedy that occurred on 9/11. This country is the place we call home, and for people to say that privacy is more important than safety is selfish. The NSA has done nothing but prevent attacks on our homes. Instead of feeling like our privacy is being invaded we should feel a sense of safety. The government continues find new ways to improve then lives on the people that live in this wonderful country and I believe that they shouldn’t be scrutinized for it. National security is essential which has been shown in past experience such as the Boston bombing. There is no way the United States will ever be 100 percent protected but there are programs and agencies such as the NSA, which gives  us an advantage. The NSA is vital in the security of this country and is in place only to protect you, me and all the other citizens of the United States.

Assignment 302

Assignment 302 Candidates name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Principles of personal development in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment, you will look at the importance of reflective practice in adult social care. You will explore how reflective practice can improve your development and practice and contribute to the quality of service provision You will also look at the process of planning development, and the importance of feedback and reflect on how your values, belief systems may affect your practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Guidance B Personal development plan (PDP) C Reflecting on learning experiences Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered Task A Guidance 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3, 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3 Task B Personal development plan (PDP) 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3, 3. 4 Task C Reflecting on learning experiences 1. 4 Assignment mark sheet Candidate name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Candidate number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Centre name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Holistic Community Support Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Centre number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 09368†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Task Evidence Results A Guidance Passed Y/N B Personal development plan (PDP) Passed Y/N C Reflecting on learning experiences Passed Y/N I can confirm that the evidence listed for this unit is my own work and was carried out under the conditions and context specified in the assessment specification. Candidate signature DateI confirm that the candidate has achieved all the requirements of this unit with the evidence listed and the assessment was conducted under the specified conditions and context, and is valid, authentic, reliable, current and sufficient. Tutor / assessor signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. External verifier signature (where applicable) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Tasks Task A Guidance (A)Explain 8 core aspects of your job descriptionIdentify 4 different legislations which underpins the way you are expected to carry out your job and describe how you have performed in accordance to t hose standards 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 You are going to be a mentor for a new social care worker as part of their induction process. Part of your role is to help them prepare for the review after their probation period. Ai Create a guide for the new social care worker about how to reflect on their practice. The guide must include the headings listed with an explanation of each. a) What is reflective practice? b) Why is reflective practice important? ) Give example of how reflective practice has contributed to improving the quality of your service provision. d) How standards can be used to help a social care worker reflect on their practice. 5. 1, 5. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2 Aii You arrange a mentor meeting to feed back to the social care worker. You have comments to make which include both praise and constructive criticism. Write notes to prepare for your meeting. In your notes, explain: a) Why it is important for a social care worker to seek feedback on performance. b) The different ways that people may react to receiving constructive feedback. ) Why it is important for a social care worker to use the feedback to improve their practice. 3. 2, 4. 1, (d) Give example of feedbacks you have received and how you have used it to improve your practice Aiiiidentify one national inquiry into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. Describe the incident and explain how the recommendations from the inquiry report have changed or improved the way your organisation work Task B Personal development plan (PDP) Bi Design a template for a personal development plan (PDP) that you could use to improve your learning, development and professional practice.For each heading in the template, provide a brief summary describing what should be included. 4. 1 Bii (a) Explain how a PDP can help a social care worker identify improvements in their knowledge, understanding and practice. 5. 1, 5. 3, (b) Give example of how a plan has helped you develop or improve __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ BiiiIdentify sources of support for planning and reviewing your development. Explain how this has been beneficial to you 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biv Identify people who can help you develop your knowledge, understanding and practice. Give example of how and when this occured ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bv Explain how the people identified above can help you appreciate your strengths and areas for development. 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________