Criticisms Against Ethical Theories - 8474 Words

Criticisms leveled against Ethical Theories 1. Criticisms leveled against Consequentialism. Consequentialism is based on the consequences of actions. It is sometimes called a teleological theory, from the Greek word telos, meaning goal. According to consequentialism, actions are right or wrong depending on whether their consequences further the goal. The goal (or, the good) can be something like the happiness of all people or the spreading of peace and safety. Anything which contributes to that goal is right and anything which does not is wrong. Actions are thought to have no moral value in themselves (no rightness or wrongness), but only get moral value from whether or not they lead to the goal. John Stuart Mill was a famous†¦show more content†¦The argument from distaste is often expressed as a suggestion that utilitarianism doesnt provide enough support for individuals rights. But what is a right, and what is its justification? If the justification of a right depends on its tendency to promote happiness and prevent suffering, then it is entirely redundant since this is the sole purpose of utility. And if rights arent justified in these terms, how are they justified - what on earth are they actually good for? Of what use are they? It is generally found that the proponent of ethical rights has very unclear thinking as to what rights are and why they (should) exist - and it is therefore of unclear importance that utilitarianism does not support them. Doesnt utilitarianism imply that, if we found a drug which had the sole effect of producing happiness, we ought to mass produce and consume it? And, since happiness is just an emotion which can be chemically induced, isnt it a bit silly to make it the highest order objective? It is quite strange that many people will accept the pursuit of happiness as one of lifes fundamental entitlements, yet should suddenly develop ascetic inclinations as soon as the quarry appears obtainable. It seems they dont have a problem with someone trying to achieve happiness, rather they are only concerned when that someone has a reasonable prospect of success in their attempts. Perhaps their fixation with unhappiness would be satisfied by personally abstaining fromShow MoreRelatedEvaluating Utilitarianism - What are the main features of Utilitarianism as an ethical theory? Examine and consider criticisms that have been made against Utilitarianism.2151 Words   |  9 Pagesthe main features of Utilitarianism as an ethical theory? (10 marks) Examine and consider criticisms that have been made against Utilitarianism. (10 marks) Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that pivots around the belief that morality should be judged by consequence and the way in which an action can be deemed moral or immoral, depends upon the number to which it brings the greatest happiness. A decision can be defined as ethically correct under the theory of Utilitarianism if the moral choice providesRead MoreNormative Ethical Relativism716 Words   |  3 PagesThe objective of this essay is to provide reasons as to why normative ethical relativism provides an unattractive view on the nature of morality and why it should be rejected. In order to see this negative relationship, this essay will identify three features of this theory that makes it problematic. The first problematic feature of normative ethical relativism is based on the claim that moral principles cannot be validated on a universal level. This means that different cultures should be freeRead MoreCultural Relativism Is An Important Ethical Theory And James Rachels Argument1091 Words   |  5 Pages Cultural Relativism is an important ethical theory and James Rachels’ argument is significant to provide evidence to prove and disprove the idea. It is important to call attention to and understand differences between cultures. Tolerance is also an valid concept when arguing Cultural Relativism. Regardless of the outcome or viewpoint of the argument it is significant in the fact that it raises awareness for tolerance and differences between cultures and that no culture is more superior or more correctRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Utilitarianism912 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is just one of many ethical theories used and studied in the world that we live in toda y. Many people would choose to disagree with the ideals that this theory embodies, but before someone chooses to disagree with it, they should know more about the theory instead of judging a book by its cover. In the theory of Utilitarianism, it is believed that an action that is morally right will bear the most favorable balance between good and bad, and that is when everyone’s interest is takenRead MoreArguments against Act Utilitarianism Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism attempt to argue that Act Utilitarianism (henceforth AU) does not account for justice when applied to ethical dilemmas. It is the authors opinion that these claims are factually incorrect and this essay shall attempt to prove this through analysis of common arguments against AU, and modifying AU to allow for justice to be more readily accounted for. AU is an ethical theory credited largely to Jeremy Bentham. AU attempts to assign every action a value, or utility. The principle of utilityRead MoreThe Elements Of Moral Philosophy1407 Words   |  6 Pagescultural relativism, but his overall position is that cultural relativism is not a strong philosophy. On the flip side of that Immanuel Kant has a completely different ethical theory that is based around deontology. Despite its positives, cultural relativism cannot be defended against Rachels’ criticism, but Kant’s ethical theory cannot necessarily defeat cultural relativism either. Cultural Relativism is the idea that moral practices and social norms change from culture to culture, and so moralityRead MoreRelationship Between The Principle Of Utility And Moral Rules1462 Words   |  6 Pagesof utility in complex moral situations. In this essay I will also argue for the advantages of Mill’s understanding of the relationship between the two concepts as it incorporates religious moral rules, helps prevent ‘evil’ acts, and creates an ethical theory suitable and practical for daily use. Mill’s predecessor, Jeremy Bentham is an act utilitarian who looks at the consequences of each individual act and calculates utility each time the act is performed. In contrast, Mill is a rule utilitarianRead MoreThe Natural Law Approach to Ethics Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pages Natural Law attempts to show how the two can be brought together which is both rational, intelligent and the person involved in making the decision whether it is ethical or not can also be faithful to God at the same time. Another part of Aquinass theory, which is relevant to the Natural Law theory is Aquinass views of conscience. Aquinas believed that conscience was a device for distinguishing right from wrong actions. Aquinas thought that in general people tendRead MoreAnalysis Of Ayer s Theory Of Emotivism1490 Words   |  6 Pages Ayer’s argument in Emotivism avoids Moore’s argument. In A.J. Ayer’s theory of Emotivism, he gives the modified version of Verification Principle and in my essay I will try to accomplish how using this modified version of verification principle. We can set our standards for the moral knowledge. A.J. Ayer, responded to the argument of moral knowledge with his theory of Emotivism. In his theory, A.J. Ayer states that ethical judgments are merely expressions of emotion. Moral judgements do not holdRead MoreMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism The thesis of meta-ethical cultural relativism is the philosophical viewpoint that there are no absolute moral truths, only truths relative to the cultural context in which they exist. From this it is therefore presumed that what one society considers to be morally right, another society may consider to be morally wrong, therefore, moral rights and wrongs are only relative to a particular society. Thus cultural relativism implies that what is good is what

Curleys Wife Analysis - 1026 Words

Curly’s Wife Curlys Wife is a very powerful and yet powerless character within the novel Of Mice and Men as Steinbeck uses her to reflect the prejudice against women in the 1930s since they had very little rights. Just from her title â€Å"Curlys Wife† she has no actual name, this shows that she is just Curlys property and powerless in the sense that she hasn’t got her own individual identity, only an identity through her husband, also she doesn’t have enough power to be called a ‘woman’ instead she is discriminated against and is called derogatory terms such as a â€Å"tart† when Slim first speaks of her to George by saying â€Å"I think Curly married a tart† showing no respect for her From the beginning of when she is introduced in the novel she†¦show more content†¦From the word ‘soft’ in the sentence â€Å"The sun streaks were high on the wall by now, and the light was growing soft† we are reminded of Curlys Wife’s soft velvet hair that Lennie liked and lost control with, taking us back to the seriousness of her death and feeling empathy for her character To conclude, Steinbeck uses Curlys Wife to get the readers awareness of how much women were discriminated against in the 1930s and how lonely and isolated she was because of her being a female. She wasn’t seen as her own individual person but as a strand of someone else; her husband Curly. She used her best quality: her beauty to get the attention of the other guys on the ranch because she doesn’t like her husband Curly and had a dream to become a famous actress in the Movies. She went past the rule of staying away from Lennie because of her desire to be noticed and be listened to by someone, this then led to her death which added to the part of everyone’s dreams not comingShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men-Curleys Wife Analysis2542 Words   |  11 Pagescharacters is Curley’s wife. By becoming familiar with her, we come to an understanding of the tragedy of life. We see many perspectives of her, some negative and some positive. We feel ourselves orbiting th is character. But we see ourselves evolving as the character also does. She could be interpreted as a ‘miss-fitting’ character in the novel, as no one relaters to her. So how does Steinbeck present and develop Curley’s wife in Of Mice and Men? Throughout the book, Curley’s Wife is often portrayedRead Moreenglish curlys wife1718 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Steinbeck is showing how Curley’s wife emerges as a complex and interesting character. Although her purpose is rather simple in the book’s openings, she is been called â€Å"tramp,† â€Å"tart,† and â€Å"bitch†. These nasty comments are made by the people that dislike her and her appearances; this makes the reader feel sympathy for her. Later in the book Steinbeck become more complex. She is first introduced through rumours means that the reader already has a biased opinion of Curley s wife before she even enters theRead MorePlot Analysis : George Orwell s Of Mice And Men 1092 Words   |  5 PagesPlot Analysis by Chapter Chapter 1 Exposition: A description of the setting, which is south of Soledad, California. George Milton and Lennie Small, two men, are introduced. George, the leader, is small and quick. Lennie, huge and awkward, follows. Rising Action: The men stop. Lennie drinks large gulps from a pool of still water next to the river. George warns him not to drink a lot or he ll get sick again. George reminds Lennie about their plans, but stops when he notices a dead mouse in LennieRead MoreCase Study: Forensic Toxicology870 Words   |  3 PagesIn this case study Forensic Toxicology was used to solve the murder of Robert Curley and obtained the conviction of his wife Joann Curley. In 1991Robert Curley began to feel ill, in August he was rushed to the Wilkes-Barre general hospital. He was having an attack and was experiencing numbness in his hands, intense sweating, a flushed face, repeated vomiting and a burning sensation in his feet. His doctors went through several diagnoses for his puzzling symptoms before he was diagnosed with Guillian-BarreRead MoreOf Mice and Men Essay on Loneliness1318 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 9 10 March 2014 Of Mice and Men Literary Analysis Essay on Loneliness â€Å"Actually, feeling lonely has little to do with how many friends you have. It s the way you feel inside. Some people who feel lonely may rarely interact with people and others who are surrounded by people but don t feel connected† (Karyn Hall 2013). Truthfully, loneliness is something almost all people fear. It s a deeper feeling then just being isolated. It s feeling distant or disconnected from others.Read MoreGraphic Organizer For Of Mice And Men1949 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Dream. Structure Statement A few people in the book, Of Mice and Men, wanted to have something they can fulfill with their dream, ranging between Lennie wanting to live in a land with George and to tend those rabbits, Curley wanting to stick to things his way, and his wife to be with a man that she can trust. Paragraph 1 (Character 1) Lennie Small Topic Sentence Lennie Small is a stable, but physically strong man who is George’s partner and is his constant and trustworthy companion. He hasRead MoreInterpretations Of The American Dream1718 Words   |  7 Pagesremoved from his dream. American Dream and ‘Of Mice and Men’. The American Dream is presented as being unattainable in John Steinbeck s novel, Of Mice and Men. This is predominantly evident in the case of George, Lennie, Candy, Crooks and Curley s wife. All of these characters admit to fantasizing about the American Dream ; untarnished happiness and the freedom to pursue their aspirations. George and Lennie s dream of owning land is unattainable as a result of Lennie s careless actionsRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Character Analysis1742 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men: Character Analysis John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author wrote many novels including one of his most famous, Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men teaches many lessons about the nature of human existence. Each relationship grows throughout this short story and end with a dramatic experience. All of the characters, including Lennie, George, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of isolation, seclusion and loneliness. The authorRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men996 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Analysis on â€Å"Of Mice and Men† In 1992 Gary Sinise directed the tragic film â€Å"Of Mice and Men.† The story is about George Milton and Lennie Small, two friends who travel together in search of work. Though Lennie is very calm and harmless he isn’t very smart and is unaware of his strength, which leads him into trouble. A New York Times article describes him this way; â€Å"Lennie is a gentle giant of a man with the mental capacities of an 8-year-old. He loves to fondle soft things, like miceRead MoreAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. There

Behaviorism the beginnings Free Essays

Behaviorism is one of the most influential schools of psychology, especially American psychology. The development of behaviorism was spurned as a reaction to structuralism and functionalism. Behaviorism was posited as a revolution in the methodology of the science of psychology (Hothersall, 1995), while structuralism and functionalism have argued that the rightful object of study of psychology is the mind and consciousness and have developed methods that congruently were subjective and enabled the psychologists of that time to study the mind and consciousness. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviorism the beginnings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although behaviorism has become established as a major force in psychology, in its earlier days it was not popular and embraced by many psychologists. However as behaviorism evolved and developed into a theoretically based and objective science many have found its assumptions practical and scientific. Western psychology’s history is short and colorful compared to other sciences, it started with structuralism from Germany with Wundt at the helm (Murphy, 1930). When psychology arrived in America it obviously followed structuralism, and since it was too philosophical for the American scholars. James developed his own paradigm and called it functionalism, which in essence focused on the function of consciousness in explaining behavior than in studying the structure of the mind. Functionalism held greater influence in American psychology but together with structuralism it still espoused that psychology is the study of the mind and consciousness. The zeitgeist of that period was that the focus of psychology is the understanding of the human mind and internal experiences (Hothersall, 1995). This inspired psychologists to devise methods of studying perception and consciousness in the attempt to discover the workings of the human mind. Research at that time was centered on identifying and describing physiological experiences and how it affected human behavior. Psychologists were comfortable with the notion that psychology is the study of the mind and most of them wrote about the self, attention, consciousness, perception and even mental processes that were believed to be the cause of human behavior. At this point, methods used to study the human mind were subjective and did not lend itself to replication and reliability which in turn questioned the veracity of psychological researches. Although functionalism stressed that the mind and consciousness were responsible for human actions, they viewed behavior as a product of mental processes and ignored its importance in the study of psychology. Functionalism however stressed the application of psychological knowledge to practical issues such as learning, education and organizational development. The pragmaticism of functionalism led it to the discovery that human behavior is as much important to study since it is directly related to the human mind. Functionalism also identified the shortcomings of structuralism and its methods and since it was heavily influenced by Darwin, functionalism also welcomed the idea of studying animals in laboratories to test psychological assumptions. While this new developments were gaining support, a new school of psychology emerged from the work and writings of Ivan Pavlov (Hothersall, 1995). Pavlov was able to demonstrate that a dog can be trained to salivate with just the sound of a bell intrigued some psychologists and became one of the most popular teachings in psychology; Pavlov called this process classical conditioning. In America, John B. Watson was impressed with the experiments of Pavlov that he embraced the idea that behavior is the mot important aspect of man that should be studied by psychology (Watson, 1913). John B. Watson was an influential person and he is conventionally credited to be the father of behaviorism as he strongly and eloquently articulated the new psychology of that time. Central to Watson’s argument was that he accepted that animal behavior is quite similar to human behavior and that they are legitimate subjects in the experimental study of behavior. Earlier, it was mentioned that behaviorism was revolutionary in the sense that it developed a methodology of study of psychology and that it held few theoretical explanations to human behavior. Watson (1913) posited that any behavior is a response to a stimuli and the relationship between the stimulus and the response should be the subject matter of psychology. Watson also erased the mental processes that the structuralism and functionalism was focused on, arguing that studying mental processes are futile and subjective and did not uphold the scientific and experimental tradition of the discipline. Watson became the editor of the Psychological Review, one of the earliest scientific journals in psychology and used his position in the paper to put forth his ideas and conceptualizations of psychology as the behaviorist would see it (Watson Evans, 1990). Watson was a radical behaviorist, he always referred to himself as â€Å"the behaviorist† and it implied that he renounced all mental processes as devoid of any psychological insight. He reasoned that structuralism and functionalism are limited perspectives and it did not offer objective and rational explanations of behavior. He was famous for his experiments with Little Albert, wherein he conditioned fear of white and flurry objects in a small child. He demonstrated that fear can be conditioned and that it is manifested in different objects that fit the original object used as a stimulus (Watson, 1928). Watson believed that every action is a product of conditioning and that genetics or cultural orientations does not have anything to do with it. When asked to explain thinking, he said that thinking was not a mental process per se; instead it is an act of speaking in symbolic form (Watson, 1913). Watson’s intense dedication to behaviorism led him to believe that he can train any child to become what he wants them to be by subjecting them to the environment and experiences that would support this personality (Watson, 1928). Watson was a true-blooded behaviorist and this actually was the main criticism leveled against him. Psychologists who were trained in the functionalist and structuralist traditions had difficulty accepting Watson’s theories since it took out the mind and consciousness in psychology. There were a number of supporters but they also believed that mental processes are as much important as behavior. another criticism of Watson was that behaviorism was too deterministic, it seemed that the person had no free will since he/she is controlled by his/her environment. It can be remembered that psychology was the child of philosophy and for those who were trained in philosophical logic stressed free will, choice and freedom. Support for Watson waned in the later part of his career since he became too caught up in his assumptions on behaviorism that his contentions became too radical and lacked scientific credence. Watson’s major contribution to psychology is his emphasis on objective methods of research and the use of rats and animals in the study of psychology. Behaviorism became one of the great schools of thought in psychology because it evolved and developed into what we now know as modern behaviorism (Hothersall, 1995), a theoretical perspective that still focuses on human behavior as the object of study but have come to acknowledge the importance of mental processes, genetics and environmental experiences, as well as using methods that not only seek to elicit behavior but also gives due attention to thinking, attention, emotions and consciousness. References Hothersall, D. (1995). History of Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Murphy, G. (1930). A Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace Company, Inc. Watson, J. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177. Watson, J. (1928). The Ways of Behaviorism. New York: Harper Brothers Publishing. Watson, R. Evans, R. (1990). The great psychologists: An intellectual history 5th ed. New York: HarperCollins. 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John Deere Case Study Essay Example For Students

John Deere Case Study Essay UNIVERSITY SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Assignment One Executive Summary John Deere is an American based company out of Moline, Illinois currently trying to assess one of it’s supplier company’s performance. The company in question is Complex Parts Inc. who has been a supplier for Deere for the past ten years with annual sales to its Moline unit of approximately $3. 5 million. The issue in question comes after five members of an evaluation team discussed Complex Parts’ performance over the past year. Although Complex Parts has been a long term supplier providing Deere with a key manufactured part requiring significant engineering and input testing, they have been noticed to have fallen behind with customer satisfaction. Deere’s AEP program has served as a grading base for the supplier and it seems they have fallen behind this past quarter. It is the team’s intent to analyze the situation and to determine whether there is a need for a new supplier. Despite Complex Parts’ drop in its delivery rating this past quarter, it has also come to the attention of the evaluation group that the company is not fully responsible for the data. There seem to be issues with Deere’s inability to return important phone calls from Complex Parts’ customer service group. Upon further evaluation, Complex Parts needs some adjustments, however their recent downfalls do no merit their replacement. Table of Contents Issue Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 3 Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 5 Alternatives Decision †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Recommendation Co nclusion.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Issue Statement Introduction John Deere is an agricultural, construction, commercial and consumer equipment producing company. Founded in 1837 in Moline, Illinois, and now conducting business in over 160 countries with 43 000 employees worldwide, it reached net sales of over $11 billion in 2000. Situation For the past quarter Deere’s long term partner and supplier of ten years, Complex Parts Inc. has not been achieving great results according to Deere’s supplier evaluation team. This has become an issue and the team must now determine if there is a need to replace the supplier. Complex Parts has sold $3. 5 million worth of product to Deere within the past year and is the preferred supplier since they are normally able to meet all of Deere’s needs at one time and they take a proactive approach to its dealings with the company. Based on Deere’s Achieving Excellence Program (AEP) which is aimed at giving suppliers a competitive advantage to help them do their job as well as developing a long term relationship, Complex Parts was evaluated under five key areas. The AEP focuses on classifying suppliers based on their scoring on quality, delivery, cost management, wavelength and technical support. These areas are further divided and analyzed in closer detail by a corresponding evaluator. The program also aims to recognize supplier performance by rewarding those suppliers who earn the best scores in the supplier classification criteria. There are training benefits and a banquet awarded to the top supplier due to their outstanding work. Also, each supplier is given a performance report quarterly and performance cut-offs are revised annually. Upon closer evaluation, Complex Parts scored 666 under the quality rating, which is well below the 1000 mark required; and the delivery rating had an even better score of 8 650 which was way below being under a minimum 30 000. Once the member in charge of the technical evaluation was consulted, it has been found that the delivery rating dropped to 155 000 for the quarter. Hayley Marie, the manufacturing planner, is concerned that Deere has not been returning Complex Parts’ customer service calls and in return Deere has had to expedite many deliveries which cost the company a lot of money and may be the reason for the dismal delivery rating. .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .postImageUrl , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:hover , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:visited , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:active { border:0!important; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:active , .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5 .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3561c3ad3d611df7bff34200227686b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Immanuel Kant - Enlightenment EssayOverall, there has been a continuous improvement from the company as a whole, yet each member of the evaluation team has a point in which Complex Parts could improve if they are to keep them as their main supplier. Due to the AEP currently in place, it is worth determining if one supplier is best at this time or if Deere is at a point where some change could be beneficial and perhaps strategic sourcing may be the answer. Analysis Quantitative Complex Parts provides Deere with a special part, and has had great sales figures in the past. This company is looking forward to expanding its business with Deere, and must therefore improve the delivery rating to what it has previously been. The issue of not having Deere personnel return their phone calls is also quite pressing, as this is affecting their rating and in turn their business. Yet not being on time with price quotes is an issue they must also look to. Another issue is Complex Parts’ products have not met their required cost targets; in turn they are reducing Deere profit. This problem also relates to their inability to suggest methods for cost reductions. However, they have been developing their RD department and because of it Deere has been able to take suggestions and make the necessary changes. Qualitative Upon review of this information, according to the evaluation team’s members, Complex Parts has been doing a good job in following through with suggestions for quality improvement. They have also taken a proactive business approach and an active role in keeping up with specific changes made be Deere. Complex Parts has also been able to internalize quality plan elements and has had improved quality performance; this might be thanks to their recent ISO 9000 certification. It seems as though Complex Parts is having more difficulty with their quantitative factors, as numbers are not being favourable to them in the supplier classification criteria. Alternatives 1. Have a meeting with Complex Parts’ executives and list issues With the amount of money that has been invested into the partnership with this company, it is better to try to work things out. First Deere’s team must address their own issues to ensure that they are not putting underserved blame on Complex Parts’ customer service group. The Deere team must address all current issues including cost reductions, eliminating problems related to late deliveries, being on time with price quotes, implementing Deere quality plans at new facility and meeting cost reduction targets. 2. Re-analyze the current supplier list; maybe get a new partner This would involve analyzing all statistics and research and simply finding another supplier. Once the market is aware that Deere is looking for a better supplier, the other companies are sure to step up their game and create competition for the AEP. If Deere can emphasize the long-term aspect and all of the benefits offered by the AEP to suppliers, there should be enough interest and motivation for current suppliers to bid for Deere’s business. 3. Turn to outsourcing and find multiple suppliers Deere already has more than one supplier, it may be worthwhile to look at outsourcing to save money. Since the company does business world wide and has offices in many countries, it could be more efficient to produce the needed parts elsewhere. If multiple suppliers are used, then they will have the ability to continuously improve and have a backup in case it is needed. This might discourage the AEP as it would not be a long-term commitment rather a simpler solution to a current problem. Decision By evaluating option one, yes meeting with Complex Parts might be the easiest solution for Deere; however this does not guarantee that Complex Parts will be willing to take blame. .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .postImageUrl , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:hover , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:visited , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:active { border:0!important; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:active , .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81 .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c638e94718075fa877d87348f9e3d81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ants, Little But Mighty EssayIt was clear that they were making an effort to get a hold of Deere but they were not cooperating, in turn costing them a great downfall in ratings. There are a lot of issues currently pressing but it seems fair to give Complex Parts a chance to explain themselves as to why so many factors are not in sync; perhaps it is simply a communication issue. The second alternative would provide another option. The fact that Complex Parts is not meeting their targets and has been disregarding their effectiveness could lead Deere to go in search of another long-term supplier. It could also prove to be a good change for the company to have some competition for their business. The third option is also viable however, it would jeopardize the AEP since it strives for a long lasting partner rather than multiple sources, but it might be a good way to push innovation and development of their product since the bidders would have to provide great quality and precision to meet Deere’s high standards. They might also offer a better product for a lower price. Recommendation Deere strives on its AEP and has put forth a lot of time and effort in the development of this program. Complex Parts has also invested time, money and effort into this program and into its ten year business partnership with Deere. They are very much looking forward to expanding their sales with Deere, hence they have improved their company and are trying to make sure they work with Deere so that both parties have the same expectations with regards to product specifications and quality. Due to their history and commitment to each other, the best option is alternative one. Conclusion Overall, Complex Parts has shown great interest in adapting to Deere’s requirements and they have done very well in the past under the supplier classification criteria. Deere should therefore talk to Complex Parts and elaborate on their concerns and address the shortfalls they seem to be having. Complex Parts would not want to lose Deere’s business so they will more than likely be all ears; and after all, the customer is always right.

Jose Rizal free essay sample

To many Filipinos, Dr. Jose Rizal’s life had been an open book, but his works and sacrifices seems not to achieve independence for his country and countrymen but still admired and remembered up to this day. His life was full of controversies and unanswered issues about his works and beliefs. One of them was the issue of his supposed retraction. Retraction is defined as to withdraw a promise, statement or opinion.(Miriam Webster, 1999 p520). It was said that he refuted his writing against the teachings and practices of Catholic Church, returned to the Catholic faith, and abominated masonry, but there seemed to be a discrepancy in the documents linked to his retraction. Rizal’s alleged retraction was declared to be true by the friars who were with him before his execution. During the last 24 hours before Rizal will be executed, Jesuits came in and out together with other visitors, including members of his own family. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That night Rizal wrote out a retraction based on the formula of Father Pi and signed it about 11:30 pm. The retraction contains two significant points: First: the rejection of Masonry (â€Å"I abominate Masonry†) and Second: a repudiation of â€Å"anything in my words, writings, publications, and conduct that has been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church.†(Dr Eugene Hessel, Rizal’s Retraction: A Note on the debate, 1965). Father Visa, one of the Jesuit priests who visited Rizal, testified that, â€Å"Rizal wrote and signed in his own handwriting in my presence the document of retraction.† His testimony was later on notarized on May 22, 1916. There were also circumstantial evidences pertaining to Rizal’s retraction, for instance, his marriage to Josephine Bracken. Father Balaguer, another Jesuit priest who visited Rizal, claimed that he officiated the marriage of Rizal to Josephine Bracken subsequent to Rizal’s returning faith to the Roman Catholic, but no proof or record that Rizal really married Bracken. Although there were numerous notarized testimonies and circumstantial evidences concerning Rizal’s retraction, the side who didn’t believe Rizal’s Letter of retraction are still intrigued on the authenticity of the documents, they believed that the retraction paper was forged. Dr. Ricardo Pascual of the University of the Philippines made a study about the authenticity of the document. He notes a  number of variations with the hand writing of the Retraction Document. Pascual also noted differences between the text of the document found in 1935 and other versions of the Retraction including the one issued by Father Balaguer (Dr. Eugene Hessel, Rizal’s Retraction: A Note on the debate,1965). Also, when the family came looking for the document of Retraction, it was said to be lost not until 1935 when it was made public. I believe that Dr. Jose Rizal did not sign the Document of Retraction for the reason that he come to the terms with the fact that even if he signs the retraction paper, he will still be executed. Rizal knew that eventually the authorities would try to stop him permanently with his influential convictions against them. Rizal himself has a mature state of mind and would stick to what he believes in. He has been consistent with his behavior and I think for the friars to be able to change it would be absurd. Moreover, I do not think that the Jesuits were that irresponsible to have lost the original copy of the document as well as to not issue a marriage certificate of Rizal’s marriage with Josephine Bracken. I recognize that many study will arise concerning Rizal’s retraction, but it does not invalidate his works and contributions for the better Philippines, but for me he should not be the National Hero of the Philippines even he sacrifices a lot I’m not convince why, even he retracted or not from all allegations he wrote the idea of his is not for Independence but for equality of treatment by the Spaniards to the Filipinos and to be a colony of Spain, because Rizal believed that the Philippines is not yet ready for Independence.

Depictions of Dyslexia in Percy Jackson essays

Depictions of Dyslexia in Percy Jackson essays Because I am dyslexic, I understand what it feels like to be invisible. Unlike some other disabilities, a person does not know whether or not someone has dyslexia just by looking at him or her. While one might assume that would make dealing with dyslexia easier, sometimes as a child I wished someone would just make me wear a sign that said, different. People were always surprised when the teacher asked me to read out loud in class, and I would clam up. Even though I had no trouble with math, any time I had to read I just could not do it. Even without a sign, it did not take other students long to figure out that I was different. They called me stupid, and, for a time, I believed them. When I watched movies and (after much toil) read books as a child, I never saw an example of someone like me who had trouble reading but could still succeed. "Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief" was just the example I needed. In both the book and the movie, based upon it, the storys main character, Percy Jackson, deals with both being dyslexic and being the son of a Greek god. Chris Columbus movie uses visuals to offer graphic representations of the different realities of living with dyslexia. Through these visuals, the audience of the film (hopefully children) learns that dyslexia does not make someone less than the norm; it just makes them different, and perhaps in some ways, even better than the norm. Just after the beginning of the story, the movie introduces the main character with a montage of him and his best friend walking through their high school hallway. As they pass a pair fighting in the hallways, Grover, Percy Jacksons friend, says, Not exactly high school musical(Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief). This quick joke shows the viewer that Percy Jacksons high school represents a normal high school, not the caricature that is often seen in mov...

Data Encryption and Authentication Methods Term Paper

Data Encryption and Authentication Methods - Term Paper Example The recipient's identity is usually established online through digital signatures or certificates. Under this encryption, the user has to manually select the files and folders to be encrypted and run special command/ menu item to encrypt and decrypt the selected objects through certain software. Thus, the user must always remember to encrypt the relevant data before logging off. This gives scope for human errors, where the user might forget to encrypt the data before leaving the system. However, manual encryption is technically more reliable and simple than other forms of encryption.[Cryprite.com] In this form of encryption, encryption is compulsorily done permanently on the disc during every read and write task. The encrypted data is stored in the transparently encrypted volumes. In this type of encryption, encrypted data can only be transferred from computer to computer through diskettes. For the purpose of low level encryption, transparent encryption is the safest way to secure one's data. However, in this type of encryption, there are problems in implementation as it doesn't generally fit into multi-user networks. This kind of encryption involves encrypting the data before and after certain read /write functions are completed or certain confidential files are accessed. When a file is copied or moved, it is ciphered in a secret folder and when it is opened through a standard application, it is deciphered. Again, when the application is to be shut down, the files are enciphered. Thus, at Start up, the encrypted files/folders are deciphered from specified folders/files and enciphered again during shutdown. A disadvantage is that when the data to be encrypted is too large, it may lead to loss of data and reduction in efficiency of the computer. 1 Protection and authentication of data can be also be achieved at three levels : Email and file-encryption The use of passwords while accessing e-mails provides the first level of security. These mails could be encrypted and sent over a secure network by the sender and again decoded and read by the receiver. However, with the use of internet expanding to unlimited proportions, files can be intercepted and sensitive information can be accessed by hackers. It is also possible to hack or send phishing mails through e-mails. Data encryption during transmission using VPNs Transmission encryption technologies include DES (Data Encryption Standard) or AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) .This is a relatively safer way of transmitting information over the internet. A virtual private network cannot be easily accessed by intruders or hackers and information is encrypted using standard procedures like DES or AES. Password encryption on public interfaces An example of asymmetrical key provision; this type of encryption involves the use of a plug point that has to manage keys, decide the algorithm to use for encryption and protect the master key or secret. Classification based on keys : Cryptography is the process of disguising data as cipher text before sending it over a network. This disguised data is encrypted by applying an algorithm to a

How the financial crisis will affect the ship repair yards and Article

How the financial crisis will affect the ship repair yards and shipping business - Article Example A typical argument put forward by shippers is that cyclical fluctuations in the shipping industry are typical because booms are followed by recessions. However the current financial crisis in the world has affected the industry so badly. Demand factors such as prices of other goods, production costs, demand for those other goods and the availability and the cost of finance have played a very significant role in the current decline in demand for shipping and freight services, including the decline at shipping yards for repairs. (Guironnet, Peypoch & Solonandresana, 2009). On the other hand supply factors are determined by the demand for shipping and freight services along with the prevailing interest rates. Suppliers went on accumulating excess capacity by ordering new ships and containers to meet the rising demand then. However the demand trend did not continue as was anticipated. The financial crisis has hit hard not only ship repair and building yards but also all connected services as well. Shippers in North America, Europe and Asia have been hit so hard by it. For instance the contracted tonnage of containerized cargo has declined by several millions of cubic feet. The annual decline has been one of the worst that industry has witnessed in the past. According to industry watchers there would be a further fall in demand for containerized cargo shipping till a few more months have lapsed. The existing contractual obligations are less likely to be honored by the buyers because losing what has already been paid is better than taking charge of a new or a repaired ship which would not be put in to service in the foreseeable future. The current financial crisis is inevitably the result of the global economic downturn. As early as 2008 the first major signs of a global economic crisis were seen though shippers did not pay heed to advice by economists that the crisis would engulf the

World Trade - Global Economics in the 21st Century Essay

World Trade - Global Economics in the 21st Century - Essay Example In the United States, trade deficits with China have soared as American products are unable to compete with the less expensive Chinese imports. American agricultural exports of corn, soybeans, and wheat reach markets all around the globe as vegetables from Chile and Mexico fill our supermarket shelves. Trade is everywhere and world trade seems to be a chaotic mix of goods and money, commodities and cash. However, world trade, administered under regional trade agreements and the World Trade Organization, are actually rather well-orchestrated transactions with rules, agreements, quotas, and regional trade organizations. A central component of the agreements on international trade is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO is the "only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations" (What is the WTO?). The WTO was established in 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The GATT evolved as an international forum for establishing fair trade guidelines, negotiating agreements, and settling trade disputes. The biggest accomplishment of the international forum is that it has "dramatically lowered both tariff and non-tariff barriers around the world, creating freer trade and contributing to postwar world growth" (Democratizing the World Trade Organization). In addition, the WTO has addressed the issues of quotas and subsidies that give nations an unfair advantage on the world market. The 153 members of the WTO have agreed to non-discrimination in regards to tariff levels among the member nations, and have agreed to treat them all equa lly. The WTO is simply an organization that works to liberalize trade and reduces the barriers to international commerce. The vast amount of world trade is conducted under the WTO and is regulated by a set of agreed-upon principles. All members agree to treat all other members equally.

Political factors include government regulations and legal issues

Political factors include government regulations and legal issues Pest Analysis, (2010) Pest analysis is for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and helps to set a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Williams and Curtis (2007) that political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the firm must operate. Specifically, political factors areas such as tax policy, labor law, advertising law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability Government plays an important role in the economy as well as in taxes to be charged to the company. These factors also play an important role in the employment law, competition regulations as the company can not make specific prices as they have to follow the competition regulations. Economic factors have economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. Pest Analysis, (2010) the factors have major impacts on how business works and decision making, example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore it affects the business and how will grow and expand. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods. Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers as the power to buy the product. Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external microenvironment. Pest Analysis, (2010) these factors affect customer needs and the size of markets. Social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company works. Companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Social factors affect the needs and wants of the customer and the way they buy a particular product, as the demand may decline with the new product which offered to the wrong age sector. Pest Analysis, (2010) Technological factors can reduce the barriers to enter and reduce minimum efficient production levels, and play a big role outsourcing decisions. They can help to determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Technological factors help to technological shifts that can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. pestmarketing SWOT analysis, (2010) SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business. SWOT analysis is a business tool by which, a firm will be able to implement a strategic analysis, analyzes and recognizes its corporate Strengths and Weaknesses as well as the existed or forthcoming Opportunities and Threats from its external environment. Completing a SWOT analysis will help in identifying and the ways to minimize the affect of weaknesses in your business while maximizing your strengths only when these four critical information elements are well elaborated and known. SWOT analysis compiles of, SWOT analysis, (2010) Strengths: attributes of the person or company that is helpful to achieving the objective Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company that is harmful to achieving the objective Opportunities: external conditions that is helpful to achieving the objective Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective Honda Motors is one of the most successful automobiles company in the world and with the help of PEST analysis and SWOT analysis they have come so far as they are able to understand what are the political factors, economic, social and technological factors they have to understand when they are producing the automobiles as well have to understand the needs and wants of the customer as well as the economy of the place as the government plays an important role. They have to understand the technology they have to provide in there automobiles because the latest technology will be able to attract the people better and they would be able to reach the market better and the relevance of SWOT analysis in running the business is very important as Honda has to understand what are there strengths, weakness, opportunity, threats in order to be successful in the market as they need PEST and SWOT analysis together to be able to survive in the market for long run these two analysis helps Honda to be a better company and be able to understand its customers and their needs. 2.1 Honda: Reconciling dichotomies (Product related core competencies versus process related core capabilities. Constructing dichotomies is the best avenue for new ideas in the field of automobiles industry. Productivity, (2010) Product related core competencies are measurement of the effective use of the resources, expressed as the ratio of output and input. Productivity as the ratio of output and input. Productivity us very important to business because they can gain market share and make great profits. For example, when productivity increases, product costs decline and product price can be reduced. Productivity relates to competitiveness in the way that if two firms have the same level of output but one requires less input because of higher productivity, that one will be able to charge a lower price and consequently increase its shares of the market. Process related core capabilities typically describing the act of taking something through an establishment and usually set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing or administrative procedure. The process core capabilities at Honda is playing an important role as it is helping in having new and developing innovative ideas for the company and playing an important role in product related core competencies. Process Capabilities, (2010) The concept of process capability has been used by the manufacturing industry to quantify the relation between product specifications and the measured process performance. Various ratios and indices have been developed to describe this relation. 2.2 International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. International Trade, (2010) the main advantages of international trade are International trade has flourished over the years due to the many benefits it has offered to different countries across the globe. International trade is the exchange of services, goods, and capital among various countries and regions, without much hindrance. It is also one of important sources of revenue for a developing country, with the help of modern production techniques, highly advanced transportation systems, transnational corporations, outsourcing of manufacturing and services, and rapid industrialization, the international trade system is growing and spreading very fast. International trade, (2010) Great variety of goods available for consumption and international trade brings in different kinds of goods from different destinations. This gives consumers a variety of choice to choose from and which will not only improve their quality but also the whole country. Better allocation and better utilization of resources, since countries tend to produce goods and items which they are good at and have a comparative advantage towards its competitors. Efficient in production will help countries and they will adopt better methods of producing goods and this will keep the cost down in order to remain competitive. Countries that can produce a product at the lower price possible can gain the larger market share in the market. Therefore an incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help standards of the product to increase and consumers will have a good quality product to consume. Automobile industry, (2010) Restricting trade in the context of global automobile industry, the global automotive industry, increasingly characterized by global mergers and relocation of production centers to emerging developing economies, is in the grips of a global price-war. The industry is subject to imperfect competition which has resulted in too much of everything too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency. The industry have to really work hard to meet the demands of the consumers and what are the new wants as what types of cars they want in the automobile industry. Specialization in automobile (Honda) sector is increasingly becoming segment specific as each of these countries is finding its niche. China is specializing in components, India in two wheelers and small vehicles, Thailand in pick-up trucks and pass enger cars and Indonesia in utility vehicles. As Honda is understating its market in these areas and other areas of the world as they are providing according to their customers wants as they have restriction in providing different kinds of automobiles which is not required in the particular country. Automobile industry is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. Being one of the fastest growing sectors in the world with its dynamic growth phases are explained by nature of competition, product life cycle and consumer demand. Today, the global automobile industry is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency.

Slaughterhouse-Five: The Novel and the Movie Essay -- Movie Film compa

Slaughterhouse-Five: The Novel and the Movie In 1972 director George Roy Hill released his screen adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five (or The Children's Crusade; A Duty Dance With Death). The film made over 4 million dollars and was touted as an "artistic success" by Vonnegut (Film Comment, 41). In fact, in an interview with Film Comment in 1985, Vonnegut called the film a "flawless translation" of his novel, which can be considered an honest assessment in light of his reviews of other adaptations of his works: Happy Birthday, Wanda June (1971) "turned out so abominably" that he asked to have his name removed from it; and he found Slapstick of Another Kind (1984) to be "perfectly horrible" (41,44). (This article was writen prior to Showtime's Harrison Bergeron, and Fine Line's Mother Night). A number of other Vonnegut novels have been optioned, but the film projects have either been abandoned during production or never advanced beyond an unproduced screenplay adaptation, indicating the difficulty of translating Vonnegut to the silver screen. So why does Slaughterhouse-Five succeed where others fail? The answer lies in how the source is interpreted on screen. Overall, while there are some discrepancies that yield varying results, the film is a faithful adaptation that succeeds in translating the printed words into visual elements and sounds which convincingly convey the novel's themes. While Vonnegut's literary style is very noticeable in Slaughterhouse-Five, the novel as a whole differs from the majority of his other works because it is personal with an interesting point of view techniq... ...kle every time I watch that film, because it is so harmonious with what I felt when I wrote the book" (Film Comment 41). Whether or not someone who has not read the novel could get some meaning from the film is hard to decide, but if one considers that it would take just about as long to watch the movie as it would to read the book, the decision should be obvious. Works Cited Bianculli, David. "A Kurt Post-mortem on the Generally Eclectic Theatre." Film Comment Nov.-Dec. 1985: 41-44. Loeb, Monica. Vonnegut's Duty-Dance With Death. UMEA, 1979. Nelson, Joyce. "Slaughterhouse-Five: Novel and Film." Literature/Film Quarterly. 1 (1973): 149-153. Slaughterhouse-Five, dir. George Roy Hill, with Michael Sacks, Universal Pictures, 1972. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York: Dell Publishing, 1968.

Leading at a higher level is unusual

Leading at a higher level is unusual as it is not simply based on the views of an individual, but on those of a whole team of highly experienced people.   For this reason alone, I would say that the book is probably worth reading.  Ken Blanchard attempted a paradigm shift as to the term â€Å"leadership†. Leadership has for too long been associated with the accomplishment of results, whereas â€Å"leading at a higher level† is focused on the achievement of worthwhile results while acting with respect, care and fairness for the well-being of all involved. The book is divided into four sections reflecting each of these attributes.They set their sights on the right target and visionThey treat their customers well They treat their people well They have the right kind of leadershipLeadership is the capacity to influence others by unleashing the power and potential of people and organizations for the greater good. Leadership should not be done purely for personal gain or goal accomplishment: It should have a much higher purpose than that. Leadership can be defined as the process of achieving worthwhile results while acting with respect, care and fairness for the well-being of all involved. When that occurs, self-serving leadership is not possible. It's only when you realize that it's not about you that you begin to lead at a higher level.Being a successful leader is not only about leading your organization, but your customers as well. According to the author, to keep your customers, you can't be content just to satisfy them; you have to create raving fans. As stated on page 42:   Raving fans are customers who are so excited about the way you treat them that they want to tell everyone about you. A good example of how this works is Domo Gas, a full-service gasoline chain in Western Canada, confounded by Sheldon Bowles.Back in the 1970s, when everybody was going to self-service gasoline stations, Bowles knew that if people had a choice, they would ne ver go to a gas station. But people have to get gas, and they want to get in and out as quickly as possible. The customer service vision that Bowles and his co-founders imagined was an Indianapolis 500 pit stop. They dressed all their attendants in red jumpsuits. When a customer drove into one of Bowles' stations, two or three people ran out of the hut and raced toward the car. As quickly as possible, they looked under the hood, cleaned the windshield and pumped the gas. A successful leader must also have a workable vision, and be able to clearly communicate and share this vision with his organization. When Louis Gerstner Jr. took the helm of IBM in 1993– amid turmoil and instability as the company's annual net losses reached a record $8 billion — he was quoted as saying, â€Å"The last thing IBM needs is a vision.† In an article in The New York Times two years later, Gerstner conceded that IBM had lost the war for the desktop operating system, acknowledging that the acquisition of Lotus signified that the company had failed to plan properly for its future. He admitted that he and his management team now â€Å"spent a lot of time thinking ahead.†Once Gerstner understood the importance of vision, an incredible turnaround occurred. In 1995, delivering the keynote address at the computer industry trade show, Gerstner articulated IBM's new vision — that network computing would drive the next phase of industry growth and would be the company's overarching strategy. That year, IBM began a series of acquisitions that positioned it to become the fastest-growing company in its segment, with growth at more than 20 percent per year. This extraordinary turnaround demonstrated that the most important thing IBM needed was a vision (p. 24-25). Leaders must also know how to lead their workforce. Giving people too much or too little direction has a negative impact on people's development. Situational leadership is based on the belief that people can and want to develop, and there is no best leadership style to encourage that development. You should tailor leadership style to the situation. This is pretty much common sense. But leaders should also train their people in self leadership Leaders must also encourage team work, and be part of the team themselves. Teams provide a sense of worth, connection and meaning to the people involved in them.When people lead at a higher level, they make the world a better place because their goals are focused on the greater good. Making the world a better place requires a special kind of leader: a servant leader. Robert Greenleaf first coined the term â€Å"servant leadership† in 1970 and published widely on the concept. Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela ar e examples of servant leaders. Servant leaders feel their role is to help people achieve their goals. They try to find out what their people need to be successful. They want to make a difference in the lives of their people and, in the process, impact the organization as stated on page 249. Research shows that effective leaders have a clear, teachable leadership point of view and are willing to teach it to others, particularly the people they work with. If you can teach people your leadership point of view, they will not only have the benefit of understanding where you're coming from, but they'll also be clear on what you expect from them and what they can expect from you. They may also begin to solidify their own thinking about leadership so that they can teach others too. Some say that learning, teaching and leading should be inherent parts of everyone's job description.Enablement is the key to beating your competition day-after day. Allowing your people to pit their brains and allowing them to use their knowledge, experience and motivation is critical. To guide this transition to an enablement culture, leaders must use three keys:1. Share Information.                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Declare the Boundaries 3. Replace old Hierarchies with Self-Directed Individuals and Teams.This requires a special leader: the servant leader. Leadership has two parts: vision and implementation. They need to find out what their people need to be successful and they make a difference in the lives of their people and in the process, their organization.  The world needs more leaders who are leading at a higher level. Perhaps the day will come when self-serving leaders are history, and leaders serving others are the rule, not the exception.

buy custom Educational Creed essay

buy custom Educational Creed essay I believe education should transcend all boundaries and give opportunities to all children to realize their maximum potential regardless of race, religion, disability or economic status. In the 21st century, it is hard to imagine that there are places in the world, where children have no opportunity to get a decent education. To feel oneself comfortable in the modern changing and complicated world, all individuals must have an access to different educational institutions in early stages of their life as well as throughout their whole lives. Having equipped by learning opportunities, children can realize their maximum potential in studying, development of their various skills and abilities that they will later can provide in their future life and work (Blum, 1998, p.28). Schools, colleges and universities must be perfect educational establishments for students of different backgrounds, religions, races, disabilities and economic status. For this reason, the USA is the best place for c hildren from any part of the world who are coming to live and study as immigrants and native citizens. Transcending all those boundaries, the educational system may help students to feel free and comfortable in the modern society that is an important tool for better education. Once the governments can provide these opportunities, they, therefore, protect their citizens and countries by learning how to live together in peace and harmony for better prosperity of their nations (Aleman, 2001, p. 485). I believe the school is a place where students` basic needs are met so they feel safe, secure and free to learn in an unbiased atmosphere that believes in their ability to reach their full potential and become life-long learners. Every educator needs to remember that students dont care about what they know until they know they care. The school is the first stage in children`s life where they may be responsible for their work, i.e. their studies. It is really very important for educators to help young people to feel themselves secure and protected in the course of their studies. Only feeling themselves protected and comfortable, individuals can possess their potential abilities, get necessary knowledge and skills from their studies. Creating friendly and peaceful atmosphere, teachers as well as students can master their studies in order to have perfect knowledge in different fields of studies and gain better grades that are also very important for their self esteem and satisfaction (B igler, 1999, p. 35). I believe schools have the responsibility to connect the social boundaries of the community with the developmental indicators that drive the social interactions of students. Schools cannot treat these two denominators as separate elements when educating youth. The social interaction of students in schools is an essential tool which makes the whole educational process effective. Connection of the social boundaries and development of students` skills and abilities can be the great instrument of the establishment of better education and understanding as well as communication among all the participants of the educational process, i.e. teachers, students and their parents. To learn how to exist, study, interact creatively among all those participants of the educational process, will lead to achieve better developing and understanding of students` origins, customs, traditions, history and backgrounds (Aleman, 2002, p. 491) I believe schools need to work diligently to see the forest beyond the trees. By focusing on where students need to be, schools can formulate detailed plans on how to get there. Governments and schools must provide honest and accountable programs in order to provide high quality training for their students. These programs may help children to study and develop their talents, skills and abilities according to their opportunities (Blum, 1998, p.30). Having such opportunities, give children the awareness of their human dignity and better future, which are based on their traditions, value of caring and responsibility. Buy custom Educational Creed essay

Career Advice From a Professional Stage Makeup Artist

Career Advice From a Professional Stage Makeup Artist What does it take to become a makeup artist for the theater? Well, when seeking career advice, it’s best to contact an expert. Judi Lewin has worked as a professional hair and makeup artist for over thirty-five years. We caught up with her during a film shoot to ask her some important questions about her career. Although she has been working in the movie and television industry, we asked her if she would talk about her extensive career as a makeup designer for the legitimate stage. Getting Started While living in her hometown of Toronto, Judi had a natural talent for makeup. Whether she was applying her makeup skills on herself or her friends, she had a knack for making people look their best. It wasn’t long before many of her â€Å"theater friends† requested her help. Soon, she found herself transforming the faces- and hairstyles- of actors. Her first professional experiences took place at local theaters in Toronto, with her earliest productions being community theater musicals, such as A Chorus Line, My Fair Lady, and Annie. Her love for her craft motivated her to take on show after show and, after a couple of years of amateur productions, she began to work on a professional basis. Judi has since worked in such theaters as the Canadian Opera Company, the Santa Barbara Civic Light Opera, and the Pasadena Playhouse. Recently, she worked as the Key Makeup Designer for the new show, Happy Days- A New Musical, which was based upon the classic hit television show. Methods After accepting a job from a director, Judi reads through the script. After reading it through, she reads it a second time and makes notes, listing the characters and paying close attention to the setting. Then, she works with the director to find out â€Å"what specifically the director wants to see.† She does everything she can to learn about the director’s vision in advance before she begins the design process. Judi explained that in smaller, lower-budgeted productions, the director’s input might be all that she requires. However, the bigger the show, the more likely producers, executives, and others will want to express their opinion- and that’s when the business of the makeup artist can really get complicated. Do Your Research Judi recommends that up-and-coming makeup designers constantly gather historical images- this means finding photographs, illustrations, and other images from any era in the past to serve as inspiration or source material. Also, try to find information and visual material from and about as many different countries and cultures as possible. By gathering these images from the internet, old books, and second-hand stores, a makeup artist will increase their knowledge of different looks, eras, and lifestyles, from â€Å"aristocracy to someone who lives in the slums.† Working with Actors It is common for actors to feel insecure- sometimes about their looks, but sometimes about their performance. Occasionally, Judi has worked with a few prima donnas, but she has a weapon against rudeness. â€Å"Kill them with kindness,† she says. â€Å"Be lovely and polite.† She also mentioned that because so much time is spent together, actors often reveal personal details to their makeup artists. Her rule about that is, â€Å"Nothing leaves the makeup room.† Career Advice According to Judi, here are two reliable ways to become a professional makeup artist: Attend a Makeup School (She recommends The Makeup Designory in Burbank, California and New York City).Intern with a professional who works in both theater and television (That way the intern will learn two very different techniques). Benefits of the Theater One of the reasons Judi loves working in live theater so much is simply because it’s alive! â€Å"In theater, things need to happen now!† Her stage experience is a sharp contrast to her film work, in which the general rule is to work on the makeup until it is perfect. During a musical, the makeup artist has a limited amount of time to get things right- this makes the experience both challenging and fun. The excitement of live theater invigorates Judi Lewin and her fellow artists.

Rise of Big Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rise of Big Business - Essay Example After 1860, many changes occurred that were linked to development which ultimately gave rise to the Big Businesses which even though face a lot of stringent controls from governments, but still have a lot of power if they are huge firms. The rapidity of growth can be attributed to several factors like improvements in transportation by introducing and expansion of railroads, the usage of more mechanized products and tools in agriculture, the emergence of financial institutions like banks and the increasing role of stock exchanges. The essay would revolve around the features of the big business and as to how it influenced the infrastructure. Features of Big Businesses Following the American Civil War, big businesses found many opportunities to expand and become bigger. There were banks like JP Morgan who were ready to give loans to companies. After the companies earned enough profits, they repaid their loans and had their money in banks which was directly beneficial for banks. Moreover , companies grew by converting their competition into cooperation. They understood that cooperation was more beneficial for companies as it lead to greater power and creation of monopolies which meant more power. Many companies like Rockefeller, Morgan and Carnegie which were trusts of oil, banking and steel respectively, which were the emerging industries of that time, that had been involved in horizontal integration (merging with and acquiring companies in the same industry).Some of the big emerging corporate giants that were created at that time grew by vertical integration (expansion in the forward or backward processes of the industry) such American Tobacco and AT & T. The general change in the society led to many improvements which ultimately led to the emergence of these big corporations. These include the eradication of slavery, reduction of social and economic tension, increased usage of technology and financial growth. The end of the 19th century is famous for the merger m ovement in which companies merged with each other, either vertically or horizontally to become more powerful and led to trusts and cartels. Trusts were factually monopolies that were created to become more influential than smaller companies. Trusts were official agreements within firms from the same industry who were competing with each other, to come to terms with each other together and follow cooperation instead of competition in terms of dividing markets, price levels, quotas and other agreements done voluntarily, in order to achieve benefit. Furthermore, rival firms would list their stocks to a single board of trustees in order to attain non-voting certificates for a small amount of interest after which it was the trustees’ responsibility to make relevant policies for the companies. However, the disadvantages of these trusts such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company were that they controlled trade and became more powerful than the government hence creating proble ms which led to the Sherman Antitrust Act to break the power of monopolies and ensure free trade and competition. Previously, small businesses had many weaknesses to overcome which, these large corporations replaced them. First, these small businesses had less finances and lesser resources and operated on a small scale, produced fewer products,

What Not to Do Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Not to Do - Case Study Example Those who asked such burning questions were either pressured to conform to the ‘norms’ or faced limitation of their terms. The other major flaw that contributed to the demise of AHERF was the alliance between the chief executive officer and the chairperson of the board. The board meetings became only staged performances, as if the participants were following a script. The participants were often given huge reports and never enough time to review them. To summarize both the problems, many frauds and financial weaknesses were covered up, investors were kept in the dark about financial standing of AHERF and there were justifications for later acquisitions by AHERF, such as expansion or market presence (Burns, Cacciamani & Clement, 2000). Here are some of the proposed solutions for the problems that AHERF faced. The board structure plays crucial role in the financial and operational wellbeing of any corporate. The articles of incorporation and bylaws serve as guidelines for the board members. The organization of board is not a hard and fast rule, it varies considerably from one board to another (Lockee, 2005). In fact, each hospital must uphold its own ethos and autonomy (Tipping, 1999).The task of the committees is to support the work of the board, (which AHERF did too well). However, support never means bling support for board’s work. The major mistake that AHERF made was when people started ruling board meeting and decisions instead of bylaws defining their roles. The chairperson is the most important member of the board, which delegates tasks and oversees performances, had AHERF done this properly, an alliance between the chair person and the chief executive would not have been possible. The other mistake regarding AHERF’s board meeting is suppressing opinions, twisting and contorting free speech so that it would not hurt the agenda of the chairperson and the chief executive officer. Effective boards are

Instructional Pacing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instructional Pacing - Essay Example In the scenario provided for this assignment, the matter is further complicated by the addition of ELL students - those who are from other countries and who do not speak English as their native language. Such students often suffer from slow processing. Many educators often mistaken believe that slow instructional pacing better suites such students. However, ELL and other students with learning disabilities are capable of performing at a normal pace providing certain elements are included in pacing decisions. "It has been shown that for most students with learningproblems, relatively fast-paced instruction is most useful (assuming they are familiar with the instructional routine" (Ylvisaker, 2006, p. 1). If the pace is too slow, students will lose interest and their attention will wander, making it even more difficult for ELL students. Students need to be actively engaged in the learning process so consideration should be given to making the lesson varied and engaging. It will also be easier to avoid loss of interest and wandering attention if the class operated on a routine that all students are familiar with. Ylvisaker (2006) likens this to a video game. When the game is new, it proceeds so fast that it is hard to keep up with it much less make progress. However, as the player becomes better acquainted with the routine of the game, progress can be made and the game eventually won. The same holds true in the classroom which is why educators put such effort into designing policies and procedures for their classrooms. The need to fit in a variety of learning trials is intricately linked to routine as well. Instructional pacing will also vary depending on the kind of material being presented. New material should be presented at a relatively slow pace. Once the material is taken in, pacing should be regulated according to student response to learning trials. By carefully attending to student performance, educators can determine when a slow review is needed, when students need to engage in guided practice, and/or when the students are ready for individual practice. Educators can tailor the learning trials so that the pace progresses from slow to the fastest pace allowed and ultimately the final assessment for that learning objective. It is here - student response - that teachers of ELL students must pay careful attention. Student response is often determined by behavior in the classroom. Zehler (1994) points out that "[d]ifferences in language and culture are often subtle but affect students' classroom participation in several ways" (p. 2). Educators often gauge student interest and attention from eye contact and asking of questions. However, some cultures such as the Japanese consider eye contact with elders to be disrespectful. Other cultures consider it disrespectful to ask questions of an elder. Plus an often misunderstood need for ELL students it the need for silence. These students often need to focus on listening rather than speaking and their silence can be misunderstood for inattention or disinterest (Zehler, 1994). Once students understand the routine, material, and instructions well enough to attempt work, "errors can actually have a positive meaning" (Zehler, 1994, p. 4). The willingness of

Understanding Your Students Learning Style Essay Example for Free

Understanding Your Students Learning Style Essay All children have unique learning styles. Students gain strong benefits when their teachers and Learning Coaches recognize their strengths and weaknesses as learners. Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor of neuroscience at Harvard, developed one theory in 1983. Gardner defines â€Å"intelligence† not as an IQ but, rather, as the skills that enable anyone to gain new knowledge and solve problems. Gardner proposed that there are several different types of intelligences, or learning styles. 1.Verbal-Linguistic (Word Smart) – People who possess this learning style learn best through reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Verbal students absorb information by engaging with reading materials and by discussing and debating ideas. 2.Logical-Mathematical (Logic Smart) – Those who exhibit this type of intelligence learn by classifying, categorizing, and thinking abstractly about patterns, relationships, and numbers. 3.Visual-Spatial (Picture Smart) – These people learn best by drawing or visualizing things using the mind’s eye. Visual people learn the most from pictures, diagrams, and other visual aids. 4.Auditory-Musical (Music Smart) – Students who are music smart learn using rhythm or melody, especially by singing or listening to music. 5.Bodily-Kinesthetic (Body Smart) – Body-smart individuals learn best through touch and movement. These people are best at processing information through the body. Sometimes kinesthetic learners work best standing up and moving rather than sitting still. 6.Interpersonal (People Smart) – Those who are people smart learn through relating to others by sharing, comparing, and cooperating. Interpersonal learners can make excellent group leaders and team players. 7.Intrapersonal (Self Smart) – Intrapersonal-intelligent people learn best by working alone and setting individual goals. Intrapersonal learners are not necessarily shy; they are independent and organized. 8.Naturalistic (Nature Smart) – Naturalistics learn by working with nature. Naturalistic students enjoy learning about living things and natural events. They may excel in the sciences and be very passionate about environmental issues. Combinations of the different types of intelligence abound. A hiker  fascinated by birdsongs might have strong auditory-musical and naturalistic intelligences, supplemented by bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. The neighbor skilled in solving puzzles and discerning patterns may combine logical-mathematical intelligence with visual-spatial intelligence.

Urinary Excretion and Paracetamol

Urinary Excretion and Paracetamol Investigateurinary excretion of paracetamol in man. Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in the USA, is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs available over-the-counter. Its common name derives from the full chemical name: para-acetyl-amino-phenol, with the chemical formula C8H9NO2 and amolecular weight of 151.17. Paracetamol does not have anysignificant anti-inflammatory action and therefore cannot be accuratelydescribed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as was oncethought. Its mechanism of action is still poorly understood but some studieshave suggested that it inhibits a variant of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme COX-1, which has been designated COX-3 (Swierkosz et al. 2002). Paracetamol actsmainly in the central nervous system and endothelial cells, rather than inplatelets and immune cells. Boutaud and colleagues (2002) hypothesised thatthis may be explained by the high levels of peroxides found in the latter cell types, which inhibit the action of paracetamol. There has been some debate on thesubject, with other researchers proposing an inhibitory action against COX-2(Graham Scott 2005). Further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanism of action at the molecular level. Metabolism and excretion Following oral administration and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, paracetamol enters the blood and is distributed throughout the body. It is metabolised by enzymes in the hepatocytes of the liver and the majority is converted to inactive metabolites by conjugation with sulphate or glucuronide. This is then filtered out of theblood by the kidneys and into the urine, via active renal tubular secretion. Asmall portion of paracetamol remains unaltered and passes into the urine viaglomerular filtration and passive absorption (Morris Levy 1984). Thereis also a small proportion of the paracetamol that is metabolised by the thecytochrome P450 system, which results in the formation of cysteine or glutathioneconjugates and mercapturic acid conjugates (figure 2). These products ofoxidative metabolism are also excreted renally (Andrews et al. 1976). Paracetamol has a low therapeuticindex, so the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose. Toxicity canoccur following a single large dose (>10g) or with chronic lower doses(4-5g/d) and is usually seen as hepatotoxicity, which can result in deathwithin several days (Wikipedia). Toxicity occurs when the enzymesresponsible for catalysing sulphate and glucuronide conjugation becomesaturated, forcing metabolism to be increasingly dependent upon the cytochromeP450 system. This results in formation of a toxic metabolite,N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone imine (NAPQI), which is normally mopped up by bindingto the sulphydryl group of glutathione to form inactive conjugates andmercapturic acid. Toxicity occurs when the glutathione supply becomes exhaustedand NAPQI binds indiscriminately to molecules within the cell, such asmembranes, to cause cell damage and death, seen as acute hepatic necrosis. 1)Major pathway for normal metabolism 2)Minor pathway via cytochrome P450 system produces toxic metabolite (NAPQI),shown in red. Normally this is detoxified by binding to glutathione. 3) Toxicity occurs when pathways 1 and 2 are overloadedand NAPQI binds to molecules of the cell, causing damage. Modifiedfrom Rang et al. 1995. Aim of experiment The aim of this experiment is toinvestigate the renal excretion of paracetamol, by measuring the levels ofparacetamol metabolites in human urine over 6 hours following an oral dose of500mg. The total excretion will be assessed using the spectrophotometricmethod. From this data the elimination rate constant (KE) and thehalf-life (T1/2) will be calculated. Qualitative analysis of thevarious metabolites will be conducted using appropriate chemical identificationtechniques. METHOD A standard stock solution ofparacetamol was prepared at 1mg/cm3 and dilutions were made to givea range of known concentrations. 1 cm3 of the paracetamol solutionwas added to 1 cm3 blank urine and 4 cm3 4M HCl, andmixed thoroughly. A blank duplicate was also prepared, using water instead ofurine. After an hour in a boiling water bath the tubes were cooled and wateradded, up to 10 cm3. 1 cm3 of this hydrolysed urinesolution was added to 10 cm3  of colour forming solution, mixed and allowed to stand for40 minutes. The absorbance of each solution was measured, using thespectrophotometer, zeroing the instrument using the drug free urine sample inbetween solutions. This produced the readings for the calibration curve. Thecollected timed urine samples were then processed in the same way, adding 1 cm3water instead of paracetamol solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Known concentrations of paracetamolunderwent spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 620nm. These resultswere used to produce a calibration curve (figure 3). The timed urine sampleswere then analysed following the same protocol and the absorbance at 620nm wasused, in conjunction with the calibration curve to ascertain the concentrationof paracetamol in the urine. Unfortunately, half of the samples producedabsorbances outside the range of the calibration curve. Because this curve isnon-linear, extrapolation and dilution cannot be used to accurately deduce theconcentration of paracetamol in the urine. For the purposes of this report theconcentration for these samples has been declared as greater than 800ug/cm3.This is not very satisfactory and further experiments must be done to extendthe range of the calibration curve to the maximum absorbancy of the timedsamples. The values of KE and T1/2 have been calculatedto demonstrate the procedure, but are inaccurate and will need revisi ng onceaccurate concentrations have been established form the calibration curve. Table 1: Timed urine sample Mean absorbance 620nm Conc. ug/cm3 Vol. Urine (ml) Total drug (ug of paracetamol) Excretion rate mg/h 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 hour 0.256 192 245 47040 47 2 hours 1.918 >800 50 40000 40 3 hours 1.769 >800 38 30400 30.4 4 hours 1.028 >800 55 44000 44 5 hours 0.349 246 135 33210 33.2 6 hours 0.255 192 160 30720 30.7 Table 1 contains the absorbanceresults of the timed urine samples and the deduced concentration of paracetamolin the urine, as well as the hourly excretion rate. The total amount ofparacetamol excreted over the 6 hour period was 225.3mg, which is 45% of theorally administered dose. Due to problems discussed above, this is anunderestimate of the true percentage of dose excreted renally, which has beenfound to be 55-70% by other studies (Steventon et al. 1996). When log of the excretion rate(equivalent to total drug excreted per hour) is plotted against time, a linearplot should be achieved, from which KE can be estimated. The slope of this straight lineequates to : KE /2.303, which gives a value for KE of0.094. Using the formula: T1/2 =0.692/ KE , the valueof T1/2 = 7.36 hours. This states that it takes the body7.36 hours to excrete half of the drug administered. This is longer than the1-4 hours usually quoted for paracetamol (Rang et al. 1995), and is notsurprising given the underestimation of the paracetamol urine concentration.With proper calibration, this would be expected to decrease to nearer thepreviously found results. There were no results for thequalitative studies for metabolite composition, but it would be expected thatsulphate and glucuronide conjugates would constitute the majority of the sample,with a smaller quantity of unchanged paracetamol, cysteine/glutathione andmercapturic acid metabolites. These results only represent oneindividual on one day and replications of this experiment are crucial.Nutritional status, recent alcohol consumption, ethnic background, concurrentdrug usage and illness must all be taken into account as factors that mayaffect paracetamol metabolism and excretion (Riordan Williams 2002, Patel Tang 1992). Further analysis of paracetamolexcretion .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatotoxicity and drug interactions Table 2 shows how concurrent use of phenobarbital, ananti-epileptic drug, can increase the severity of liver damage caused byparacetamol administration and its subsequent metabolism. Table 2: Effect of Phenobarbital onparacetamol induced hepatotoxicity TreatmentDose of Paracetamol (mg/kg) Severity of liver necrosis None 375 1-2+ Phenobarbital 375 2-4+_________ This occurs due to metabolism ofphenobarbital by enzymes of the P450 cytochrome system, which results inupregulation of their production. As explained in the introduction (see fig.2), P450 enzymes also metabolise paracetamol, to form the toxic metaboliteNAPQI. This is normally a minor pathway but as the amount of P450 enzymesavailable increases, the activity of this pathway also increases. This resultsin a larger than normal amount of NAPQI, which is mopped up and inactivated byglutathione. Glutathione supplies will eventually run out, which occurs soonerif the person is malnourished. When this happens the toxic metabolite binds tocell components, causing necrosis. To prevent this occurring, such as in casesof overdose, N-acetylcysteine can be given (Routledge et al. 1998), which isrequired for glutathione synthesis and helps to boost it. This allows agreater amount of the toxic metabolite to be mopped up and reduces cell damage. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paracetamol metabolism following hepatotoxicity Table 3: Plasmaparacetamol concentrations(ug/cm3) Patients Plasma paracetamol 4 hrs after 12hrsafter Half life (h) ingestion ingestion _______________________________________________________________ noliver damage (18) 2.9 +/= 0.3 163 +/=20 29.5 +/=6 liverdamage (23) 7.2+/= 0.7 296 +/= 26 124 +/=22___ Table 3 shows that, in a study, theability of patients with liver damage to eliminate paracetamol from the bloodis much decreased, compared to healthy people. This is seen by the prolongedhalf-life and the high levels of paracetamol in the plasma. The plasma leveldoes come down by 12 hrs, which indicates that there is enough functional liverreserve to metabolise some of the drug, but the level is still very high. Toascertain whether it is just conjugation that is affected, or whether all thepathways are affected equally it would be necessary to quantify the levels ofdifferent metabolites in the blood and urine. As conjugation is responsiblefor the majority of metabolism, damage to all systems will still show up asaffecting conjugation the most. In theory reduced clearance of asubstance is useful for monitoring the severity of liver damage, but in thecase of paracetamol it would be unwise as it could potentiate the hepatotoxiceffects and worsen the liver condition. It is also unnecessary as there arealready a number of reliable blood tests for liver function and damage. REFERENCES Andrews, R. S., Bond, C. C., Burnett, J., Saunders, A. Watson, K. 1976 Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites. J Int Med Res 4,34-9. Boutaud, O., Aronoff, D. M., Richardson, J. H., Marnett, L. J. Oates, J. A. 2002 Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99,7130-5. Graham, G. G. Scott, K. F. 2005 Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther 12, 46-55. Morris, M. E. Levy, G. 1984 Renal clearance and serum protein binding of acetaminophen and its major conjugates in humans. J Pharm Sci 73, 1038-41. Patel, M., Tang, B. K. Kalow, W. 1992 Variability of acetaminophen metabolism in Caucasians and Orientals. Pharmacogenetics 2, 38-45. Rang, H. P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M. 1995 Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone. Riordan, S. M. Williams, R. 2002 Alcohol exposure and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Addict Biol 7, 191-206. Routledge, P., Vale, J. A., Bateman, D. N., Johnston, G. D., Jones, A., Judd, A., Thomas, S., Volans, G., Prescott, L. F. Proudfoot, A. 1998 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. No need to change current guidelines to accident departments. Bmj 317, 1609-10. Steventon, G. B., Mitchell, S. C. Waring, R. H. 1996 Human metabolism of paracetamol (acetaminophen) at different dose levels. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 13, 111-7. Swierkosz, T. A., Jordan, L., McBride, M., McGough, K., Devlin, J. Botting, R. M. 2002 Actions of paracetamol on cyclooxygenases in tissue and cell homogenates of mouse and rabbit. Med Sci Monit 8, BR496-503. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol.